Instrumental analysis chemistry Study guide

IR sources – consist of inert solid and heated electrically to very high temperatures 1 500-KICK to get a continuum of radiation. Unrest Glower- composed of rare earth oxides (Zero, YEA, and Error) current is passed thru the device so that the device can reach the high temp of 1200-KICK, spectral out in the IR region Global source- silicon carbide rod heated to 1300-KICK Disadvantage to using this is water cooling is required to prevent electrical arching.Incandescent wire sources- tightly wound spiral monochrome wire heated by electrical current to kick IR absorption requirement 1 source of continuous IR radiation 2 IR transducer that's sensitive Mercury Arc Source (Far ‘R) only for Far IR region only has enough radiant power In this region. Quartz Jacketed tube containing Hag vapor pressurized greater than 1 ATM, electricity passed thru this Hag vapor (pressure emits a continuum of radiation In the far IR region. ) Disadvantage and the advantage to this source Is that It only is seed for the Far IR region only and can't be used for any other IR region.Tungsten Filament lamp (Near IR region)- ordinary filament lamp, convenient source for the near IR of 4000-12800 corn-l , Inexpensive but restricted to Near IR region) CO laser source- laser produces a band of radiation in 900-1100 cam -1, can get 100 closely spaced discreet lines, can tune the laser to a specific line. (More expensive) Advantage- radiant power available In each line (gets several orders of magnitude increase) Thermal transducer-response depends on the heating effect of radiation, radiation is absorbed by a small black body and resultant temp rise is monitored, detects temperature changes that is produced.Heat capacity of the absorbing element must be as small as possible if detectable temp change is to be produced, radiant power of the spectrophotometer beam is IOWA-7 to IOWA-9 watts ( only observes a few thousandths of K change in temp) Has to be in a vacuum and shielded from ther mal radiation emitted by nearby objects Beam from the source is chopped at a specific frequency different from extraneous noise outside of it. Try to minimize size and thickness of the absorbing element to concentrate the entire beam of IR radiation on he surface of the absorbing element.Thermocouples- consist of a pair of Junctions for when 2 pieces of metal (Bismuth and Antimony are fused together BTW metals a potential develops is temp dependent at the Junction potential is temp dependent and varies with the change in temp. Junction is often blackened to improve absorbing capacity, also sealed in a vacuum chamber with a window that's transparent to the IR radiation. Can respond to temp difference, and enhance sensitivity by connecting several thermal couples together= thermopile.Ferroelectric transducers- insulators with special thermal and electric properties instructed from single crystalline wafers. Electric field is applied across material and electric popularization takes pl ace. When there is temp change by radiating it w/ IR radiation then the charge distribution is altered, can be detected as current , used on most Fast response times and track in the time domain) FITS Most commonly used region is mid- IR region (670-4000 CM A-I) can use near IR for low met hydrocarbons Far IR region- used inorganic structures and metal organic species.There is no good solvent that is transparent all the way throughout the IR region of possible interest. Water and alcohol are seldom used BC they strongly absorb and attack the alkali metal halides that make up the cell windows. Liar cells tend to be more narrow in width, than those used in I-JPL's Chromatography 2 primary components Mobile phase- transports signal through the column (can be a gas or a liquid or a supercritical liquid) Stationary Phase- immiscible solid that's fixed in place in a column or on a solid surface.The components in a mixture distribute themselves BTW the pm and the SP to have separation to o ccur the species have to separate themselves BTW mobile and stationary. Stronger species interact more with the SP and more slowly with the mobile phase. -differences in mobility cause the sample components to separate into distinct bands or zones Classification of chromo methods 1) Physical means- when the PM and SP are brought into contact with one another (column chromatography SP held in a tube, pm is pushed through w/ pressure. ) Planar Chromatography- SP supported on a flat plate or piece of paper. PM moves thru the SP by capillary action or gravity. Elution of Bands/ Zones on a Chromatography column One of the component B is moving slower than component A BC it is interacting with he SP. Limitations of linear response BTW analyze concentration and TTS 1) Need distinct stretch or bend 2) Linear response 3) Solvent transmittance is constant.Data collected with Chromatography with peaks that correspond to solute that contain 1) Retention time 2) Peak area Retention time – time it takes for the analyze peak to reach the detector (Try) (Tm)- corresponds to the time it takes for the pm to move to the detector. (kill a)- Retention factor used to describe the migration rated of solutes on columns Zone broadening and Column Efficiency- column is more efficient if you have less reddening of peaks Gaussian shape of an ideal chromatography zone; attributed to the random motion of the solute molecules in the chromatographic zones.The size of peaks increases as it moves down the column b/c more time allows spreading to occur. The size of the peak is directly related to the â€Å"residence time†; the time spent in the column and indirectly related to the velocity of the mobile phase. 2 methods of describing column efficiency 1) Plate height (h) 2) Plate count (N) Efficiency of chromatography columns increases with increased plate count and decreasing plate height.Variables affecting Zone broadening ) effect of pm flow rate in general the magnitude of eff ect on column efficiency depends on the length of time the pm is in contact with the SP (depends on flow rate of the pm) 2) Van Demeter plot – efficiency studies by determining the H as a function of PM velocity The smaller the plate height the better the column efficiency (represented on the graph the lowest point on the curve) 3) Linear flow effects zone broadening Theoretical Plate height and Column Variables A) Linear velocity of PM-distance per unit time traveled by the PM ( linear flow rate) B) Diffusion coefficient in PM – rate at which the molecules diffuse across a plane of nit area and the concentration gradient in the direction of diffusion in the PM C) Diffusion coefficient in SP -rate at which the molecules diffuse across a plane of unit area and the concentration gradient in the direction of diffusion in the SP D) of the solutes) E) Retention factor – time spent by the solute in the SP to the time spent in the pm.

Good boy

Good boy, Beau. Stay, Anna Quindlen is very descriptive in her essay. As I read the story I could visualize her dog and also sympathize with her feelings. Having had lost a dog of old age, this story really hit home. The way she describes beau's milky white eyes, the loss of his hearing, and the way his walk looks like his back legs are prosthetics. With these descriptions, the knowledge that Beau's a black lab, and the fact that he stinks, all present enough information for me to get a clear picture the dog. The descriptions Anna uses are all the same symptoms my dog, a Chihuahua, had had at 17.Anna also painted a picture in clear detail of the senses the dog lost or was losing, but also pointed out Beau's uncanny sense of smell. â€Å"The eyes are gone, but the nose is eternal. † . There were many more details in the story, but I feel as though the ones I already pointed out were enough for me to get a clear picture. The way Anna organized her story seemed to me like it was in chronological order. Anna starts her story in the present time, sheds light on the past, and then comes back to the present again. As a new writer, I'm not sure if that exactly qualifies as chronological, but I hink it is.The point I believe Anna is trying to make is to live for the day, don't dwell on the past. Anna clearly says â€Å"to measure myself not in terms of the past or future but of the present. â€Å". This statement is one of the statements that lead me to my conclusion. The sensory details that stood out to me was the sense of smell and the loss of sight. There were two things Anna said about Beau's sense of smell that stood out to me. The first was when she talked about the dogs eyes and ears going but he can still get excited over the smell of a pork roast. The second was whenAnna talked about the smell of the Oriental rug and beau. Anna was not very descriptive about the odor, but I have firsthand knowledge of that smell, I could definitely smell the odor. The other sensory detail that stood out for me was the way Anna described Beau's bad eyes. Anna really described the effects of going blind well. She talked of Beau's eyes being a milky white. â€Å"His eyes seem to gaze mysteriously inward†. Anna also said â€Å"his eyes and ears are gone.

Art on Japanese Art History Essay Example for Free

Art on Japanese Art History Essay How can the artistic medium one chooses to use to express oneself determine whether or not it is truly art? While digital artists’ artistic ability is often questioned and the credit is given to the computer being used, the art itself springs from the mind of the digital artist. I can say this with personal fervor: Digital art is truly in essence a form of art that merely takes advantage of the innovations of modern technology. Digital Art isn’t computer-generated. While it might involve using tools offered by specialized computer programs a computer doesn’t do the thinking for you, and the creative ideas put forth are of the artist’s mind. Digital artist’s only use computer tools to convey their designs, all of the creative credibility should be given to the artist himself. Should the canvas the Mona Lisa was painted on be considered the creator of the masterpiece or rather Leonardo Da Vinci? Painters that stick to canvas are limiting themselves to the paint they use and the cotton woven fibers of their canvas. Why purposely choose to ignore the modern day tools that are given to you and condescendingly look down upon those who choose to utilize them? Over the years, I have spent a lot of my own time experimenting in the depths of digital art. Many times, I have used the computer as a medium for self expression; from creating to pictures on Microsoft paint as a child to experimenting with specialized software such as Adobe Photoshop. I have a deep and passionate love for creating and expressing myself through artwork on the computer. I one day aspire to have a profession in the field of digital art, such as a Graphic Designer. Because of this, I am very offended by the comments I hear from â€Å"traditional artists† that condescend digital art for its use of the computer as the artistic medium. When I hear comments that degrade digital artwork to computer-generated images, as though the computer itself designed the art I feel enraged and cheated. The other day a friend of mine ignorantly explained to me that she could, given the proper software, create her own masterpiece without any prior experience in digital art, as though anyone if given the proper software could instantaneously create masterpieces, when really there is so much more to digital art than computer software or the computer itself. It’s about one’s individual artistic talents. To me that would be the equivalent of saying that if I were given a canvas and a paintbrush I could instantaneously create a masterpiece, which I know is false and ignorant. Art is â€Å"the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others† (Britannica). Digital art is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation process. There are many different employment fields in digital art. A couple of examples are graphic design and web design. Graphic design is the process and art of combining text and graphics and communicating an effective message in the design of logos, graphics, brochures, newsletters, posters, signs, and any other type of visual communication. Famous Graphic Designer, Milton Glaser, says â€Å"to design is to communicate clearly by whatever means you can control or master. † A graphic designer would meet with his/her clients and discuss the type of visual communication the client is interested in. The client may provide a general idea for the design, but the creative options are left for the designer to decide how to best portray the message of the client. The designer would then either sketch out a design to scan on to the computer for further alterations or go directly to the computer software in order to design the desired product. The designer would then verify with the client for satisfaction of the product. Web Design is the art and process of creating a single Web page or entire Web sites and may involve both the aesthetics and the mechanics of a Web site’s operation although primarily it focuses on the look and feel of the Web site – the design elements. â€Å"To be effective, the interfaces for online information systems must be as rich and flexible as the physical environments they replace. They must not only supply a direct path to reach the users goals, but must be able to accommodate different approaches to the task. This means that the interface design must not only organize the content for easy access, but must incorporate the right combination of technologies and interaction techniques to allow the user to work in their own style† (Quesenbery). A Web Designer would be sought out by a client in need of assistance in designing a website or website layout, usually for advertising and communicative purposes of the client. Like in Graphic design, the client may provide the designer with a general idea or guideline for the product, however, web designers must understand the dynamics of coding and html. Traditional art is understood to include things such as paintings, sculptures, and hand-drawings; basically any art which involves physical activity, usually of the hands. Famous Traditional Artists include: Leonardo DaVinci, Vincent Van Gough, and Andy Warhol. These artists use drawings and paintings as their forms of self expression which led to their innovative masterpieces: the Mona Lisa, Starry Night, and Pop Art, respectively. Traditional artists often look down upon the usage of the computer as the creative medium utilized when expressing oneself in art. Some believe that using a computer negates the creative ability of the artist and is the less credible form of art. Using computers in order to create art is sometimes seen as the easier method involving little artistic ability. â€Å"For artists diving into a new technology, it is a triple short-cut to mastery: you get a free ride on the novelty of the medium; there are no previous masters to surpass; and after a few weeks, you are the master† (Brand). There is a certain type of beauty in a hand-painted piece of art. The same is true for a masterfully drawn illustration. For this there is no substitute. Traditional art is the oldest form of art and could be considered the foundation of art. Many people consider this form of art to require the highest level of skill and creative ability, and that there is no other type of art form that can surpass it. There are a large number of people that believe this form of art is most vital, and that digital art simply shouldn’t be considered art due to the use of technology rather than their hands. Opponents of digital art argue that there is no skill in â€Å"pointing and clicking† on a computer screen. â€Å"I would rather choose the painting of a monkey over anything generated electronically, because I am more fascinated by the direct evidence of a mind at work than I am by the output of machines† (Glenn). Because of this belief, there is a good bit of animosity between the two different sects. Traditional artists feel as if they are protecting art in its truest form, whereas digital artists feel as if they are exposing the world to a newer and more advanced form of art infinitely full of possibilities. While traditional art is the older and more revered art form, that doesn’t mean that digital art is any less of an art. Both art forms require talent, precision, technique, and creativity from the artist. Digital artists are just as legitimate of artists as traditional artists. It is simply ignorant and petty to distinguish digital art as separate from true art in essence. Yes, computers are used as the medium for expression, however, like previously stated, that doesn’t mean that the computer creates the ideas and designs. The designs and creativity come from the artist and the computer is simply another way to release the idea from the artist’s mind, similar to a piece of paper or canvas. Digital art should be just as revered as traditional art because the amount of creativity and artistic ability is equal in both forms. Art on Japanese Art History. (2017, May 31). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Human cloning and animal cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human cloning and animal cloning - Essay Example Haugen (2007) asserts that, though human cloning has not been extensively expounded on like the animal cloning, it has been researched that it is going to have a number of benefits to human: To start with, human cloning eliminates defective genes. Today genetic illness is not a number one killer disease but this could be in the near future. As humans frequently reproduce, damage to their genes goes high. This creates mutations and malfunctioning of the genes. Down’s syndrome that affects women can be avoided by cloning. Tay-Sachs disease which is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder could be prevented through cloning.Therefore; elimination of these problems could only be done by cloning of healthy human cells. Secondly, cloning enhances faster recovery from traumatic injury. Accidents sometimes, cause a lot of pain and injury to humans. For instance an athlete who gets injured and the recovery process is slow, true healing could only be done by cloning of their own cells to help a faster recovery process. Thirdly, it helps in solving out infertility problems. A lot of couples now days go through difficult times trying to solve out their infertility issues. Without successfully having children, the couples run out of time and money. Human cloning has made it achievable for these couples to have children. In addition, human cloning reverses heart attacks- Heart disease is a number one killer in the U.S and other industrialized countries. Scientists believe that heart attack victims can be treated by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. Plastic, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery is another advantage. Human cloning has made it possible for breast implants and other cosmetic procedures to be a success. With the new technology of human cloning doctors are able to manufacture fat, bone, connective tissue or cartilages

Political Speeches and Press Releases Assignment

Political Speeches and Press Releases - Assignment Example The President did not talk of the need or goal of creating a world without boundaries; in fact, he vehemently recognized and accepted the differences between the people, their cultures, and their faiths (Obama). Instead, he stressed on the need to view one populace as alien or enemies if the other; in essence, he denounced the concept of â€Å"othering† as regards the political and social environment (Obama). He stressed that it was imperative for the global development of the world for countries to exist in peace and to understand that diversity can be used to unify the communities instead of breaking them apart (Obama). He maintained that it was very important for the Oriental countries to decide their leadership themselves and to own their freedom through the process of democracy (Obama), since it was in the vested interest of the American government to bring harmony in the Eastern society so that new market could open up for the American trade, and business could flourish, which would result in the progress and development of the countries

Strategy, Policy and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Strategy, Policy and Law - Essay Example In last year November, President Obama placed an executive order that cautioned more than 4 million illegal immigrants from deportation. In addition, the order gave them the right to work in the US as long as they have children who are citizens. The order also extended the Obama’s 2012 DACA program that gave temporary work permits and legal status to undocumented immigrants who came to the US as children (Leinwand & Kelly, 2015). According to a Fugate, a FEMA administrator, the standoff over the funding is derailing the operation of DHS’s agencies. DHS might be shut down if there will be no budget in place before the February 27 deadline. An agency such as FEMA will halt its grants program that aids local governments and states pay for emergency programs and operations personnel. DHS might also be forced to lay off some of its employees in the same way it did in October 2013. If that happens, some of the crucial services people get will come to an end. The country will be at a compromised position to provide proof against external aggression (Leinwand & Kelly, 2015). Leinwand, D., & Kelly, E. (2015, February 6). Fugate: FEMA mission compromised by fight over budget. Retrieved February 11, 2015, from

Comparing and contrasing web and class learning Essay

Comparing and contrasing web and class learning - Essay Example It does not require the student to go to the school and attend regular classes, but it is done in one’s own comfort and one can gain much intellectually. This form of learning involves use of computer supported learning, virtual and also digital teamwork. The topic in the discussion is then transferred to the internet, privately owned computer network, extranet, CD-ROM, audio and videotape, and via satellite television (Prunuske, 2012). It is crucial to those who have no time to move from different places. It is an expedient way of training and learning. It is good for those who have a job to hold them during the day and still want to pursue their studies. This is because they can freely study from home after work or any time they are free without the pressure of attending classes. It is student focused form of training and learning. It authorizes all types of learners to get access the superlative materials, learning and referral resources, tutoring and teaching lessons from the instructors. In addition, with this program, no student is left out of the topic when he is willing either at home or even in hospitals. It just involves clicking into the internet (Prunuske, 2012, p. 14). This gives a chance to the learner to study any subject that he wills to. It does not matter where the instructor is located. It is also cheaper than regular learning therefore it is the best study method for those who are not financially stable. Classroom learning is the type of learning where students have to attend a place or a room selected for learning purposes. It is therefore very important for the learner to ensure that he is punctual with the lessons to ensure that they move together with the tutor and other students. It requires a lot of attention and concentration. It is the most used method by a large number of students especially where the technology level is low (Prunuske, 2012). The web learners will have time for

Why do different theories of the firm exist Essay

Why do different theories of the firm exist - Essay Example This paper examines a couple of firm theories with the objective of examining their fine and major points and in an attempt to discover what factors have prompted existence and development of multiple theories of the firm. This is achieved through a literature review that incorporates a wide ranging discussion on the main issues as outlined above. In addition, this paper extends the literature review in an attempt to find empirical basis for the existence of the multiple theories of the firm. In order to do this, the paper examines the literature studies that examine such secondary data evidence either cross sectional or case study based. There is a wide body of research that deals with the issue of firms and theories of firms both in the realms of economics and management. Sagi & Pataki (2006) give out the classical economic firm theory in following words, "Classical firm theories in modeling offer strategies start from profit maximization revenue, i.e. P>MR=MC".However, these authors discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. ... rs discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. However, this paper has emphasis on examination of firm theories that lean more towards more elaborate and comprehensive models that are more management oriented in the sense of having a strategic management bias. The advantage of doing this is evident in that such models reveal more of the strategic management processes that reveal the cross section of today's large sized, globalized and information technology assisted business organizations, one such model is the Resource based model of the firm behaviour. Citing appropriate literature resources Kotelnikov (2007) explains the concept of the resource based model of firm behaviour in following words, "The currently dominant view of business strategy - resource-based theory or resource-based view (RBV) of firms - is based on the concept of economic rent and the view of the company as a collection of capabilities. This view of strategy has a coherence and integrative role that places it well ahead of other mechanisms of strategic decision making. (Kay John)". Using more literature resources Kotelnikov further explains the model as follows, "Each organization is a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provides the basis for its strategy and the primary source of its returns. In the 21st-century hyper-competitive landscape, a firm is a collection of evolving capabilities that is managed dynamically in pursuit of above-average returns (Markides C.C). Thus, differences in firm's performances across time are driven primarily by their unique resources

The Goddess Isis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Goddess Isis - Essay Example She was widely worshipped by people in Egypt as well as other countries of the Mediterranean Region during ancient times. The Legend of Isis is one of the oldest myths in Egyptian history. It was the foundation of the old Egyptian state religion. The first written records about her appeared in the hieroglyphics in the Pyramid Texts during the period 2350 – 2100 BC (Goddess.ws). In the beginning there existed the Sun god named Ra and his wife called Nut. Nut fell in love with another God named Geb. When Ra discovered his wife’s infidelity, he became very angry and punished Nut by cursing her that she could not give birth on any child during any of the then 360 days that comprised a calendar year. In her sadness and desperation to have children, Nut turned to Thoth, the god of knowledge, for help. Thoth, who knew that there was no way to evade Ra’s curse, formulated a plan. The plan involved the Moon goddess Silene primarily because at that time the intensity of her moonlight was equal to the sunlight of Ra. Thoth challenged Silene to a wager whereby she would surrender one seventh of her moonlight if she lost. Thoth won the wager and won one seventh of Silene’s light {this is the reason why the moon wanes every month}. Thoth used his part of moonlight to add 5 days to the calendar year, thereby increasing the number of days in a year fr om 360 to 365. The success of Thoth’s plan provided Nut with a span of 5 days during which she could give birth to five children fathered by Geb while at the same time not evading Ra’s curse on her. Nut gave birth to Osiris on the first day. Horus was born on the second day followed by Seth, Isis and Nephthys on the third, fourth and fifth days respectively (Crystalinks.com). Osiris grew up and became Pharaoh of Egypt. He married his sister Isis. Osiris was a good and conscientious ruler who devoted all his time and energy towards civilizing his people (Crystalinks.com). He was

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and being Essay

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and being ethical are essential ingredients for a business to be succes - Essay Example These businesses were in evaluation on expertise, power, healthcare and aerospace and protecting against industries. Sample outcomes displayed that European businesses are displaying larger firm promise to business communal blame as Australia companies. Nevertheless, Australia businesses are more dedicated to enterprise ethics has a structure and governance programs in place. Enron and the Sarbanes-Oxley have directed to ethics and governance of American businesses for the rush in latest years (Zadek 2008). Despite all the efforts of the European CSR from 1999 onwards, an expanding number of Europeans, the pace of persons, and those Australia businesses are underneath mean in the workout of their responsibilities in the direction of society. Recent business scandals in Europe and the United States will probable have a contradictory influence on buyer insights of Australia and European businesses in key markets. In supplement, an increasing number of Europeans and Americans to grade b usinesses in other adversities in fulfilling their responsibilities to humanity, possibly mirroring the political and financial stress between the Australia and European Union. ... ereas course, Parmalat, the Italian dairy anxiety whose proprietors have "defrauded investors, encompassing $ 1.5 billion more dollars from Australia investors (Cowan, 2004). So two years before, Europeans have contended that Enron proved the superiority of European enterprise heritage, is now broadly identified that deception in detail, can occur anywhere. But while the structure of European enterprise is altering - going not only with consider to local integration, and to clear the American perform, as the capital of the economic market as well numerous Europeans are still slow to get necessary alterations in how enterprise is regulated (Voien 2000). After Parmalat, the European administration eventually realize that they should proceed in the direction of implementation means need a higher more open finances and American business. Analysis Since 1970, the Company has directed enterprise ethics in diverse modes, encompassing the establishment of befitting programs and managers, in supplement to the Council at the grade of ethics managing assemblies, ciphers of perform groundwork and distribution of standards?statements, business communal blame of chartering managers and teaching programs of all kinds. As happenings of latest years in the Australia and Europe have shown that these efforts, regrettably, has not stopped the Australia and European businesses to enlist in unethical behaviours that lead to larger financial scandals (Bradshaw & Vogal 2001). The outcome is expanded force on Australia and European businesses and authorities to supply more organized governance and ethics programs to double-check that enterprises are more accountable to the humanity in which they operate (Amber & Wilson 2005). Examples of dubious demeanour extends for some workers and managers

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay The drive and initiative to change has always been my motivation to improve and develop. I use it as a tool towards acquiring new skills and competencies that can cultivate and enhance my professional background. Equipped with my relevant goals and objectives, I wish to point out my intention to apply for a Management, Marketing and Society Masters programme in Stockholm University. It has always been my passion to be educated and learn about things and issues that continue to move and lead men and society to various paths. These societal factors in turn shape us in distinct ways and help us understand the trends happening in our environment. Now, with the introduction of globalization, the concept of borders is slowly deteriorating as people realize the connections and relatedness amidst diversity. My background and understudy of politics and international relations in both University of Leeds and Middle East Technical University has given me the leverage to decipher models and assumptions from both the local and international realm. These alongside my experiences in both governmental and international organization (AISEC) can cultivate better appreciation of what this programme has to offer. Likewise, my projects and individual studies have encouraged me to diversify my career and dwell on personal and professional development. Examples of these training and seminars revolve around the realms of marketing and management. In the end, with your acceptance I feel that it can help encourage and satisfy my desire to learn. It can help widen my understanding and comprehension of different factors that continuously shape both our local and global environments. At the same time, by focusing on management and marketing frameworks, I can specialize on issues and ideas that are prevalent in different market-oriented economies. This in turn can make me vibrant and adaptive to the changes happening in our continuous globalizing and expanding society.

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay Example for Free

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay Abstract Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. The main source of information are geographic, demographic, and statistic data. These data are usually collected and maintained by several institutions and come in a variety of forms and formats. The final integrators acquire datasets, sort, filter and organize them, and offer in advance defined analyses. In this paper we focus on geomarketing services offered on the Internet where usually no physical good is exchanged. The subject of trade is geomarketing information the user is able to extract from the datasets. The main issue is how to set a Pareto efficient price for geomarketing information. The situation is Pareto efficient when the sum of user’s and service provider’s surplus is maximized. We investigate nonlinear pricing strategies and their efficiency to serve mass markets and attract users with different willingness to pay. Nonlinear pricing is used in a broader sense to include the practice of selling the same information product on various vertical markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. The market research for the GISMO project (Krek et al. 2000) showed that the US market differs substantially from the European. It has characteristics of a commodity market, where providers offer very similar or equal products at similar prices. This is feasible only if the prices for raw datasets, which represent the main barrier to enter the market, are low or zero. Competition among service providers drives prices down and enables them to successfully serve a mass market. The European approach is mostly determined by the high prices of datasets and restrictions on the copyright forced by the National Mapping Agencies. This prevents further production and creation of information products and serves only a narrow group of users with high willingness to pay. We list the most i mportant conditions for Pareto efficient nonlinear pricing of geoinformation services. 1 Introduction Price is a very important element of trade. It can only be discussed in relation to what is offered, how much value the potential user attaches to the product and how much he is willing to pay for it. A geomarketing service in this paper serves as an example for a geoinformation service in general where a Geoinformation product is traded. A Geoinformation product is defined as a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular user’s question. The provider of a geoinformation service has to select the medium of delivery and the price for the service. We concentrate on geomarketing services provided online through the Internet. The service is mostly done automatically, and not by a human. Usually no physical good is exchanged. Gathering information about the product, placing the order, and payment is done over electronic network. In the sections 5 and 6 we analyze different pricing strategies for geographic information and their Pareto efficiency. The s ituation is called to be Pareto efficient when the user’s and service provider’s surplus is maximized. We review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing and explain in which cases they conform to the Pareto efficiency. Setting a price equal to marginal cost is not economically viable since such a price does not cover fixed cost. Some examples of nonlinear pricing, such as quantity discounts, term-volume commitments, and list of price options satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if certain conditions are satisfied. We conclude with the list of the most important conditions for the Pareto efficient pricing of geomarketing service. They can be applied to geoinformation services in general. 2 Geomarketing Services A geomarketing service is a service of providing geomarketing information to the user. Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. This information can be delivered to the user in a different form, format and through different media. Geomarketing information is gathered from internal company’s data, which are combined with external demographic, statistic and geographic data. A geoinformation that satisfies a particular information need in a specific decision making situation is called a Geoinformation product. 2.1 Geomarketing Data Geomarketing data consists of internal company’s data and external data. Internal data (the rate of sale, current customers profiles, etc.) is collected and maintained by the company itself. External data comes in a variety of formats and forms, as a collection of numbers, reports, maps, etc., and is gathered by different institutions. Demographic and statistic data is collected and maintained by Statistical Offices and aggregated to a certain extent. Geographic data is provided in Europe mostly by National Mapping Agencies, in USA by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Because of this broad variety of data, their structure, content and formats, they cannot be easily integrated and are not straightforward usable by a non-technical user. 2.2. Geomarketing Information: a Product The source of geomarketing information is geomarketing data. Specialized companies collect the data from different sources, combine them, sort and filter them. For example, the statistical and demographic data have spatial dimension, which is usually given by the street name and house number. This data has to be geocoded in order to link the attributes (purchasing power, age, educational structure, etc.) with geographic data. The providers identify dimensions of data that are valuable for a certain group of users, package them and offer them as a Geoinformation product. A Geoinformation product is a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular user’s question. The answer to the question can come in many different forms; as a selected dataset, combination of datasets, a report, a map, etc. To make the geomarketing service feasible, some in advance designed steps and analyses are offered to the user. The most common are customer profile, site selection, and market penetration. 3 Internet as a Medium of Delivery The Internet changes the way transactions are done. User and seller can enter an electronic relationship without personal contact. The buyer can place an order any time (from the seat at home, late in the evening) and can take as much time as he wants or needs to take the decision about the purchase. Searching for the right product over e-network, he can get comparable information about similar products from other companies, their characteristics and prices. Cooperation with potential and current users of geoinformation services is important. In the Internet world, the gap between service-consumers and services-providers blurs. â€Å"Consumers become involved in the actual production process, their ideas, knowledge, information become part of the product specification process† (Tapscott 1996). In a geomarketing service, usually no physical good is exchanged. The user gets o the result of nly the analysis, the answer to his question. Even more advanced geomarketing services offer the possibility of uploading the data of the user on the provider’s server and combining these data with the collection of the data on the server. A service offered via Internet involves less administration, paper work, and less human resources, which reduces transaction costs. Direct connection to the computer accounting system can provide systematic and efficient registration of the transactions. Security and protection mechanisms enable the service provider to follow and control transactions. Selecting a proper pricing policy in order to attract widespread use of the service is of great importance. In the next sections, we review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing, and analyze their Pareto efficiency. 4 Pareto Efficiency The situation is Pareto efficient if there is no way to make both the user and the service provider better off. The sum of the user’s and provider’s surplus is maximized. It can be a understood lso as maximizing the difference between economic benefits and costs which appear on the user’s as well as on the provider’s side. The economic benefits are the benefits of using the product on the product has to him with his willingness to pay for the marginal unit of the product. If he expects high benefits, he will be willing to pay a high price for the product. Cost incurred on the provider side is mostly high fixed cost of designing and creating the Geoinformation product and enabling the service, and low marginal cost of providing an incremental unit of the product. The user’s cost is the price he pays for the product, the transaction cost and the cost associated with acquiring the information about the product. 5 Marginal Cost Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Marginal cost pricing is pricing where the price equals the marginal cost. The cost of an economic good is an important determinant of how much the producer will be willing to produce. The concept of â€Å"marginal† or â€Å"extra† cost is crucial for the situation on the market of economic goods. It has an important role in appraising how efficient or inefficient any particular price and production pattern is (Samuelson 1967). This observation is valuable for the standard economic good where the total cost of producing the product depends on the quantity produced. The cost structure a Geoinformation product substantially differs from the cost structure of the standard economic good. The total cost of producing the product is mostly a high fixed cost of collecting the data and designing the product, and is not recoverable if the production is halted (sunk cost). The marginal cost of producing t e second and each additional copy of the product is h very low or zero, mostly the cost of disseminating the product. The share of the marginal cost in the total cost of production is negligible. Marginal cost pricing of a Geoinformation product would according to the marginal cost pricing scheme imply very low or zero price. â€Å"Pricing at marginal cost may or may not be efficient: it depends on how the consumers’ total willingness to pay relates to the total cost of providing the good† (Varian 1999). At the first stage of the production, the datasets have low value to most users and they have low willingness to pay for them. The high cost of producing the datasets cannot be recovered. M arginal cost pricing does not imply efficiency because it does not cover the total costs of producing a Geoinformation product. 6 Nonlinear Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Pricing is nonlinear when it is not strictly proportional to the quantity purchas ed. Different prices are charged to different groups of buyers or the same product. Nonlinear pricing is also used in a f broader sense to include the practice of selling the same product on different markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. Good examples are phone rates, frequent flyer programs, and electricity (Wilson 1993). The first notion about charging different users differently for the same product was called price discrimination (Pigou 1920) and distinguished among three different forms of discrimination. 6.1 Price Discrimination Pigou (Pigou 1920) first used the term price discrimination and he described the following forms of nonlinear pricing: †¢ First-degree price discrimination The first-degree price discrimination is sometimes known as perfect price discrimination. The producer sells different units of output at different prices and these prices may differ from buyer to buyer. The buyer pays the maximum price that he is willing to pay, irrespective of the cost of production and supply. Usually it is difficult to determine what is the maximum price someone is willing to pay for the product. †¢ Second-degree price discrimination The producer sells different units of output at different prices, but every individual who buys t e h same amount of the good pays the same price. Second-degree price discrimination is much more common in practice. Good examples of this discrimination are volume discounts and coupons. †¢ Third-degree price discrimination The producer sells the output to different people at different prices, but every unit of output sold to a given person sells at the same price. Customers are divided into more groups, which have different demand curves and different price elasticity. The highest price is charged to the groups with the lowest elasticity. Examples of this discrimination are student discounts. 6.2 Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff is an example of a nonlinear pricing and consists of two parts. The first part of the tariff usually comes in the form of a membership, an annual or monthly license and is supposed to cover fixed cost. The second part of the tariff is related to the usage (number of reports transferred, number of bits, layers, etc.) and covers the incremental cost. This pricing scheme is often used in telecommunication. Users are charged for the connection to the network and additionally for the usage. Two-part tariff pricing scheme can be very naturally applied to a geomarketing service. The first part of the tariff represents a membership fee, an annual or monthly licence for access to the data, reports and maps; the second part is a n additional fee usually based on the volume transferred. Price P for a geoinformation service is then P = p0 + p v.q where p0 pv q fixed fee (annual, monthly, membership, etc.) price set for a volume transferred quantity transferred. The revenue collected from the first part of the tariff (p0 ) is supposed to cover the fixed cost of producing the first copy of the Geoinformation product. The price of u sage (pv ) should cover the incremental cost and the cost of transaction. The combination of the membership and usage constructed for the predicted demand is set so that the company’s total cost is recovered. How high the fixed fee and the price of usage s hould be is an important question. Availability of the raw data at low price will change the nature of the market. The price for both parts of the tariff (p0 and pv ) will form according to the equilibrium rules of supply and demand. 6.3 Pareto Efficiency of the Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff can disadvantage a certain segment of the users. Imagine a geomarketing service company offering geographic data over the Internet. For the simplicity of reasoning, imagine there exist two segments of users; those who use data on a regular basis and have a high willingness to pay (governmental institutions, ministries, utilities, etc.), and those who seldom need data (students, individuals, small and medium companies, etc.) and have low willingness to pay. In this case, a high fixed fee excludes the users with low willingness to pay, occasional users who need only a small volume of the data and are not willing to pay an annual membership fee or a license. The necessary condition for Pareto efficiency is not satisfied. 6.4 Quantity Discounts Quantity discounts are a form of a nonlinear price where the provider charges a lower price for a higher volume purchased. The opportunity of selling high volumes at a low price is often neglected in geoinformation business. Increased revenue from the higher volume at lower price enables the provider to improve the service and reduce prices for all users. The quantity discounts are usually designed in order to stimulate sales, but can complicate the billing and accounting system. Pareto efficiency of quantity discounts depends on the volume-price categories offered by the service provider. This pricing strategy might disadvantage users with low willingness to pay, not being able to pay nor interested in purchasing higher volumes. 6.5 Term-Volume Commitments According to this strategy the user agrees with the service provider to pay a certain amount of money for the service in advance. The payment is set according to the predicted demand for the service. This kind of agreement usually involves some discounts, because the whole payment is done at once and at the beginning of the period. Short-term contracts involve lower reduction in price than longer contracts. This strategy reduces billing and accounting cost and is often used by Internet providers. For example, â€Å"a one-year-term commitment to spend $2000/month obtains a discount of 18%â€Å" (Gong and Srinagesh 1998), for the 5 -year contracts the Internet providers use up to 60% discount. Term-volume commitments satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if the user can choose among different schemes and are designed indiscriminately. 6.6 List of Price Options Different pricing options can be combined and offered as a list of price options. In geomarketing services, the two-part tariff is often combined with an additional pricing option, the uniform pricing scheme. Under the uniform pricing scheme, the user pays the price (p2 ), which is proportional to the data transferred. Usually the tariff per volume purchased (p2 ) is higher in the uniform pricing scheme than the price (p1 ) proposed in the two-part tariff scheme, but the user need not pay an annual membership fee or license. The user profits if he is an occasional user, who needs a small volume of data. The sum he is willing to pay in this case is lower than the annual membership or license fee plus the cost of the data transferred.

Developing Health and Safety for Fire Fighters

Developing Health and Safety for Fire Fighters CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION This chapter contains the explanation and evaluation of the findings presented in the preceding section. This chapter provide us with evaluation and analysis based on the hypotheses, objectives, or research question. This chapter relates to the published works outlined and assessed in the review of literature chapter. 6.1. Demographic profile During the whole survey and during the analysis of data collection within the Mauritius Fire and Rescue services, it was observed that internal factors were dominant compared to external factors when indentifying the impact on the health and safety of fire fighters. While analysing the demographic profile section within the questionnaire, it was found that most of the respondents were between 20 and 30 years indicating a relatively young working force within this sector. 71 respondents had Higher School Certificate as highest education level and more than one year working experience. 6.2. Awareness of hazards and years of service. The results showed that all the respondents are of the hazards pertaining to their job The results collected shows that there was a weak significant association between the two variables (phi=0.353, p=0.00 6.3. Types of injury sustained during career Q 4: Which type of injury have you sustained during your career? The types of occupational injuries sustained by fire fighters are as such; Minor injuries, for example, minor cuts and bruises Major injuries, for example, major cuts, bruises, sprains, illness or injury resulting in less than 3 days lost workdays Over 3 days injuries, for example, head injuries, internal bleeding, eye injuries, spinal injuries, fractures, dislocation and any illness or injury resulting in 3 days or more lost workdays. Figure 7 above illustrates the types of injuries sustained by fire fighters at the workplace. 117 fire fighters have sustained minor injuries, 70 of them have sustained major injuries and the remaining 58 have sustained over 3 days injuries which is less compared to minor injuries. It was found that the majority of the fire fighters experience minor injuries Furthermore, figure 6 represents the degree to which fire fighters are exposed to fire. 73 fire fighters were exposed to hazards to a large extent and 128 of them were exposed to hazards to a certain extent. To a lesser extent 32 fire fighters were exposed to hazards and the remaining 12 fire fighters were not exposed to hazards at all. Objective 3: To examine the type of injuries sustained by the fire fighters and the degree of exposure to hazards in fire fighting. Fire fighters have great injury rates as a result of their occupations’ consequential demands and exposure to hazards conditions (anon, 2013). The data collected in the survey that appropriate training and attention is provided to the safety and health of the fire fighters. The perception of the fire fighters on types of injuries and degree of exposure to hazards is that they agree that appropriate training is given to them but the management system should be improved, new features should be taken into consideration. However, there is still room for improvement to reduce the other types of injuries that is major injuries and over 3 days injuries. The factor on injury risk potentially provides insight on how to target injury prevention attempts for the fire departments. 6.4. Assessing whether risk assessment carried out. A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards in a workplace and to analyze what could be the consequences if a hazard occurs. (HSE, anon). Every employer has the duty to effect a risk assessment within 30 days of the start of any operation (OSHA, 2005). The data collected have shown that the majority of fire fighters agreed that risk assessment is carried out in MFRS. Every employer has a legal obligation to effect a risk assessment within 30 days of the start of any operation (OSHA, 2005). The results showed that 183 respondents agreed that risk assessment was carried out on the fire ground and 62 respondents disagreed. We can therefore deduce that the views of the respondents were satisfactory as the majority of them agree that risk assessment in carried out and this confirms that the management was abiding to the law. Moreover, a one sample t-test was carried out to determine the relationship between awareness of risk assessment and fire fighters opinion whether risk assessment can eliminate or mitigate risks. The one sample test, statistics programs produce an estimate mean (1.27), with population mean ÃŽ ¼. The mean variable of the variable fir this particular sample of awareness of risk assessment is 1.27, which is statistically and significantly different from the test value 0.4. We can therefore conclude that fire fighters opinion on whether risk assessment can eliminate or mitigate risk has a significantly higher mean on awareness of risk assessment than 40%. The perception of the fire fighters in the fire departments is that they agree that risk assessment can help eliminate or mitigate risks. Yet there’s room for improvement in the MFRS. Improvement on risk management plan can be also made by making surveys on the hazards and risk that cause health problems and injuries. 6.5. Assessing management care and fire fighters ability to communicate One of the objectives of this study was to assess whether management care about the safety and health of fire fighters and fire fighters ability to communicate with management. The management has the duty to put the best of effort in providing safety, health and welfare of all the employees. However, it is a legal obligation for the management to provide as far as is reasonably practicable a safe place of work to all the employees (OSHA, 2005). A correlation test was carried out to determine whether there is a relationship between whether management care about the safety and health of fire fighters and fire fighters ability to communicate with the management a correlation test was carried out. For the correlation test the statistic program produced an estimate r (0.134). The Pearson’s r value 0.134 is positive at 1% confidence interval. Thus, the correlation test between management care and fire fighters ability to communicate with management shows that there is a weak relationship between management care about health and safety of fire fighters and fire fighters ability to communicate with management. The views of the respondents on the management was not satisfactory as the management was not abiding to the law and even the fire fighters hesitate or are in capable to communicate with the management. Therefore, we can deduce that there is a poor management system at the MFRS. 6.6. Providing suggestion for improving safety and health of fire fighters To provide suggestions for improving safety and health in the fire department is one of the objectives of this study. The minority of the fire fighters who are aware of the procedures in the fire department found that the management has the priority to give safety training to all of them concerning safety procedures, safety policy, rules and regulations and awareness on their rights to provide suggestions to improve their safety and health. Thus to improve the health and safety of fire fighters in fire departments certain standards of safety which include risk awareness by the fire fighters, fire fighters participation in risk assessment , the fire fighters should be given motivational benefits to increase safety culture and safety behaviours at the workplace and the fire fighters should be well trained and given appropriate personal protective equipment for the task they are assigned. The management should carry out investigation and find ways how to remedy a dangerous situation. Also the management should seek the perception of fire fighters about the risks and hazards. . The management can also implement health programs which will include regular check up of the fire fighters and a continuous report of the health of the fire fighters should be recorded

Frankish Kingdom :: essays research papers

The Frankish Kingdom was seen as a great military power in the time of Clovis. Early medieval Europe was primarily under the control of the Roman Empire. Syagrius, the king of the Romans and his son Aegidius were living in the city of Soisson when Clovis decided to show off his military excellence. Clovis marched against Syagrius and eventually defeated him by disposing of his army and forcing him to flee the area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Syagrius fled to the kingdom of Aralic. In another show of his power, Clovis scarred Aralic into giving Syagrius up or he would be marched on as well. Out of fear, Sygrius was given up to Clovis and secretly killed. This was the beginning of the power and respect that was to come for Clovis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clovis did not believe in Jesus as being a true god. His mind would change in the near future. He married a woman who was a believer in the Christian religion. The way he would be converted to the Christian religion was very fitting for this military leader. Clovis’ wife would try to convince him that the Christian religion is the one for him. He would not change his mind until he was on the battlefield. He was in the middle of a conflict with a man named Alamanni and his army. Clovis’ troops were being annihilated, so he would ask Jesus for help in exchange for his faith. He looked to Jesus to help him survive this battle. If he would survive, he would hold the god of his wife as the same holy god for himself, and would be faithful to the lord. As Clovis asked for the aid of the lord, Alamanni retreated and soon after was killed. In this event, Alamanni’s troops surrendered and Clovis was then victorious. After this, Clovis kept his word and converted to the Christian faith. Along with himself, three thousand of Clovis’ followers were baptized on Christmas day. The conversion of Clovis in 496 was a decisive event in the political and religious future of continental Europe. By converting to the Christian religion, Clovis would gain the favor of Constantinople and among the people and clergy of the Roman population in Gaul   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under the leadership of Clovis, the Franks acquisitioned the former Roman territories in Gaul and in Germany. Clovis would also gain the Burgundian people. They would abandon Arianism, along with many other peoples.

The History of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art Papers

A tattoo is a permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment into the punctures or by raising scars. This is the definition; however, to many a tattoo has more of an abstract, personal meaning. Tattoos symbolize individuality, experiences, status, religion, and art. They come in many shapes, sizes, colors, designs, and styles. The history behind the tattoo is just as fascinating as the tattoo itself. Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow). The purpose of tattooing varies from culture to culture, person to person, and its place on the time line. The essay will examine the following eras: BC and tribal, 20th century, and modern. It is noted that tattooing (a Tahitian word meaning â€Å"to mark something†) has existed since 12,000 years BC. As noted in â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos,† women in Borneo tattooed their symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill. If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. In tribes, tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness and bad spirits. In recorded history, the earliest tattoos can be found in Egypt during the time of the erection of the great pyramids. As the Egyptians expanded their empire, the art of tattooing spread along with it. The civilizations of Crete, Greece, Persia, and Arabia picked up and expanded the art form (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos). The Greeks used tattooing for communication among spies by identifying them and showing their rank. Romans marked criminals and slaves, a practice still carried on today. Arou... ...on, Michael. â€Å"Tattooing and Civilizing Processes: Body Modification as Self-Control.† La Revue Canadienne de Sociologie et d'Anthropologie 41 (May 2004): 125-146 Demello, Margo. Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. Garcia, Tomas (Keepsake Tattoo). Personal interview. 10 Nov. 2014 Hawkes, Daina, Charlene Senn, and Chantal Thorn. â€Å"Factors That Influence Attitudes toward Women with Tattoos.† Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 50 (May 2012): 125-146 Krakow, Amy. Total Tattoo Book. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1994. Sace, Paul. â€Å"History of Tattoo.† Tattoo.co.uk. 15 November 2014 Steward, Samuel. Bad Boys and Tough Tattoos: A Social History of the Tattoo with Gangs, Sailors, and Street-Corner Punks, 1950-1965. Portland: Harrington Park Press, 1990. The History of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art Papers A tattoo is a permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment into the punctures or by raising scars. This is the definition; however, to many a tattoo has more of an abstract, personal meaning. Tattoos symbolize individuality, experiences, status, religion, and art. They come in many shapes, sizes, colors, designs, and styles. The history behind the tattoo is just as fascinating as the tattoo itself. Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow). The purpose of tattooing varies from culture to culture, person to person, and its place on the time line. The essay will examine the following eras: BC and tribal, 20th century, and modern. It is noted that tattooing (a Tahitian word meaning â€Å"to mark something†) has existed since 12,000 years BC. As noted in â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos,† women in Borneo tattooed their symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill. If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. In tribes, tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness and bad spirits. In recorded history, the earliest tattoos can be found in Egypt during the time of the erection of the great pyramids. As the Egyptians expanded their empire, the art of tattooing spread along with it. The civilizations of Crete, Greece, Persia, and Arabia picked up and expanded the art form (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos). The Greeks used tattooing for communication among spies by identifying them and showing their rank. Romans marked criminals and slaves, a practice still carried on today. Arou... ...on, Michael. â€Å"Tattooing and Civilizing Processes: Body Modification as Self-Control.† La Revue Canadienne de Sociologie et d'Anthropologie 41 (May 2004): 125-146 Demello, Margo. Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. Garcia, Tomas (Keepsake Tattoo). Personal interview. 10 Nov. 2014 Hawkes, Daina, Charlene Senn, and Chantal Thorn. â€Å"Factors That Influence Attitudes toward Women with Tattoos.† Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 50 (May 2012): 125-146 Krakow, Amy. Total Tattoo Book. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1994. Sace, Paul. â€Å"History of Tattoo.† Tattoo.co.uk. 15 November 2014 Steward, Samuel. Bad Boys and Tough Tattoos: A Social History of the Tattoo with Gangs, Sailors, and Street-Corner Punks, 1950-1965. Portland: Harrington Park Press, 1990.

black and chinese americans :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the present day, people view America as a land where everyone can be seen equal to one another, but this was not always the case. In the 1800s black and Chinese Americans went through a ruthless period of discrimination, due to the white man’s ignorance. Even though the Chinese and blacks were singled out they both were treated differently but also had many similarities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harsh treatment, long hours, and extremely low wages were only a small part of the brutal-ness both races faced. The Chinese men came to America hoping to provide a better life for theirs families back in China. Most of them received jobs working for the corrupted railroad companies. They faced horrific working conditions, which some died from, low wages, and long hours. The Chinese men wasted years of their lives and sacrificed seeing their families so that they can make enough money to support them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blacks have faced similar conditions to the Chinese men. They too worked long hours and earned very low pay. Many of the blacks became sharecroppers once they were emancipated. Sharecroppers were tenant farmers who gave a share of the crops raised to the landlord in lieu of rent. These landlords were cruel and took a good portion of the crops grown by the black farmers. Whatever the landlords did not take was left for farmer and his family, which was not much. They had to survive through the winter with the limited supply. Both the Chinese and blacks could not do anything about the working conditions due to the fact they could not unite and form labor unions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though both Chinese and blacks faced many similarities they also had differences. The blacks have lived in American for generations while the Chinese were just starting to immigrate. Blacks were forced to come to America to be slaves as opposed to the Chinese coming here by their own free will. Also the America did not allow Chinese women into the country due to the fear of an even more rapid rate of increase in the Chinese population, while black women were in the country and had a prominent role in their family lives. Another difference between the two races was that the black Americans had families in the country and the Chinese left their families back in China. Another differentiation was that once the blacks were emancipated most stayed in America while a good number of the Chinese left to go back home.

Early Childhood Education Compare & Contrast Paper Essay

As early childhood educators we all have our own philosophies and approaches to education. There are several types of early childhood programs. Each program has its own philosophies, methods, and program goals. Every early childhood educator is unique making each early childhood program experience special. Consistently, early childhood programs offer educational foundations that prepare young students for their educational futures. In this paper I will focus on comparing and contrasting two programs that stood out to me, Ridgeline Montessori and the Whitaker Head Start. When examining early childhood programs there are many similarities and differences across the board. After observing both programs, I noticed that both schools have benefited from tailoring the services and programs provided to their communities. It helps early childhood programs become more effective at reaching their students. These two programs focus on providing services to two different communities of families, however, they both have the same goals in preparing students for formal schooling. The environment of each of these two programs differs in many ways. Due to the different methods, curriculum, level of family involvement, resources, funding, and teacher’s available programs can differ in structure. Some programs are built on models based upon psychological theories and principals, while others are more focused on students’ interests and individual needs. Ridgeline Montessori school is a free public charter school that is offered to any students in the community, through a lottery system. Students who don’t initially get in are placed on a wait list in the order in which they applied. Read Also:  Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Elementary Students Even though Ridgeline is a public charter school, many low-income families may not be aware of the opportunity or have the resources to send their children there. Head Start on the other hand is a national federally funded program, in which enrollment is based on family income. Head Start also has a wait list and there are many families who have to wait to get into the program. The difference in program eligibility creates a difference in the types of families and children that enter these programs. Most students enrolled at Ridgeline come from middle class families, where they do not have to worry about their basic needs being met. This allows these students families to be more involved helping channel their energy and attention towards learning. Head Start children, on the other hand, usually come from low-income families, in which meeting their basic needs can be an everyday challenge. The differences in these two home environments play an intricate role in the set up and implementation of each program. The Head Start program focuses not only on educating young children, but also making sure that they’re socially, emotionally, and physically healthy. Head Start programs provide families with services that ensure students are receiving adequate nutrition, proper care, and that there basic needs are being met. Ridgeline Montessori offered free and reduced lunches at one time, however, due to the lack of need for this service, the program was cut. Students’ at Ridgeline seem to have less of a need for services and therefore, more focus is put forth on education and learning. Ridgeline Montessori uses the Montessori method, which was developed by Maria Montessori. The Montessori method views children as being unique individuals in which each child has their own interests and learning potential. The classroom and materials are prepared in advance, with manipulatives set up all around the classroom. At first glance the classroom looked similar to the classrooms I previously observed, however, with further examination I noticed many differences. One of the most noticeable differences I detected upon walking into the Montessori classroom was the noise level. The classroom seemed rather quiet considering the number of students. The layout of the classroom is much different. Instead of having several different designated centers the whole classroom is a center for exploration and learning. Materials and manipulatives are spread along the outside walls of the classroom and children are free to choose which type of materials they would like to work with during independent work time. You do not notice any individual desks and chairs set up in the classroom, rather a few tables and chairs grouped together. The furniture is all child size and you do not see any adult sized furniture throughout the classroom. Students spend most of their time working on the floor where they have their own individual carpets. They put them down to outline their personal workspace. Instead of there being various toys and games spread through out the classroom, there are specific sensory materials and manipulatives that are self correcting and purposeful to student’s learning. On the walls students’ work fill spaces throughout the classroom, similar to the walls of a Head Start classroom. Montessori classrooms are made up of mixed grades and ages, something that is not typical of traditional classrooms. The Head Start program I visited uses a more traditional comprehensive method. Students are all close to the same age. Since the program is federally funded there is much emphasis put on performance standards and teaching objectives. The classrooms at Head Start are a center based classroom with different areas for pretend play, math manipulatives, language/ reading/ writing area/ art exploration, blocks and large motor, water play, sand table etc. There is a group area for circle time activities and line time. The classroom time normally starts out with calendar work or story time. Children then tell the teacher what center or â€Å"key experience† they will start on and they choose work. Students are free to move from center to center as they choose as long as they stay somewhat involved in something and are not bothering others. Students don’t have to go to any center they are not interested in although a teacher may suggest an interesting activity to a child who has stuck to the blocks for a few days. Classrooms tend to be lively with a hum of activity. Materials are often brightly colored and made to imitate real life materials. There are specific skills and concepts that each center is aimed to teach students. Throughout the classroom there are individual desks and chairs for students to sit at or large cooperative tables to work at. Students also have a specific spot on the large rug where story time and group time takes place. In the Head Start classroom the teacher’s role is well defined, the teacher is responsible for implementing and directing the classroom activities. Head Start teachers are required to have at least a two-year degree and must complete a certain amount of educational training hours. Teachers’ are also expected to complete home visits, where they visit their student’s homes. Teachers direct the classroom activities and dictate what materials will be covered throughout the day; however, students do have periods of time where they get to decide what they want to work on. Student’s interests shape the Montessori teachers’ role in the classroom. Teachers are expected to allow the individual interests of the students to shape the activities of the day. The teacher is responsible for preparing the classroom environment that is educationally interesting and safe. The teacher acts as a guide, initially introducing a new concept to a student. Then the teacher will observe and analyze as the student works with the new concept, until mastering it. Montessori teachers go through special training to become a certified Montessori teacher. Teachers are required to maintain regular communications with the parents and guardians of students. Teachers are also expected to keep good documentation of the students’ growth and progress. Both Head Start and Ridgeline strive to develop a high level of family and community involvement. Head Start requires home visits and parenting classes for some families. The program is set up, to not only help the child get on track and ready for formal schooling, but also help the parents and guardians be prepared for the process as well. Ridgeline requires that parents and guardians volunteer or help out in the classroom at least 40 hours a year. Both programs put great emphasis on family involvement. Since Ridgeline is a Montessori school the curriculum is already set up. It is shaped by a sequence of three broad phases. These phases include: exercises for practical life, sensory education and language activities. The rate at which the students move through the areas of curriculum is directly related to the student’s mastery of each sequenced level. There is also a great importance put on learning through the senses and all materials and manipulatives are meant to be aesthetically appealing. The Montessori method uses five basic principles as the foundation for the program: respect for the child, auto-corrections, prepared environments, sensitive periods, and absorbent mind. These five principles are the guides for all Montessori programs. The Head Start curriculum is quit different from the Montessori curriculum. Head Start uses a traditional high/scope curriculum which is emergent, meaning it is not planned in advance. In the same way that student’s interests shape the Montessori curriculum, students’ help to determine the curriculum in a Head Start program. Plan-do-review is the teaching-learning cycle that is implemented throughout Head Start programs. In the Plan-do-review teachers and students plan out what they are going to do, do it, and then review the outcome with the classroom community. Since Head Start is federally funded the curriculum must meet national and state standards. The Whitaker Head Start I observed used routine and structure to help guide students throughout the curriculum and the day. The predictability of the day’s routine help student’s to know what is next in the day. Montessori schools work off a philosophy of respect for student’s abilities and interests. The main idea is to allow children to explore, grow and develop at their own pace. Head Start works off of a philosophy which promotes equality in social and emotional growth. The main idea is to provide students and families with the tools and resources to help prepare young children for formal schooling. Both programs are critical and beneficial to the students and families they serve.

Amanco Case Study Essay

Is the Amanco system an theoretical account of bodied social responsibility or unified self-interest? Amancos strategy is an example of corporate social responsibility. Amanco came from a root word who self-regulated social responsibility into its business model. Amancos business model is also self-regulated and has prospect to be recognized as a company with social concerns. It almost burnnot be seen as a corporate self-interest, because Amanco communicate every step of their operation. They employed a birth-to-grave approach when beting at the personal effects it had on the social well-being of the state and the environment. Why has Roberto Salas chosen to develop a strategy occasion and Balanced board to represent Amancos tercet foot line objectives?He chose to develop this strategic map, so that his top, middle, and bottom manager can understand the directions that the company wants to go it. By developing this map, it is easier to adapt this strategy in the differ ent regions and business units. Why did Salas pick out to modify the handed-down strategy map/BSC format? Salas didnt think that the traditional strategy map clearly presented the triple bottom line concepts as a foundation for any value intro and competitive advantage. He thought by modifying the map, it would gather it a clearer and more consistent representation of the companys strategy. What challenges does Salas fountain with implementing Amancos strategy?Salass challenges bequeath be getting the right great deal to champion such a strategy. This fall a little into the Red dodge of getting the right people, who understands, and buys into the strategy. The problem doesnt just lie with the people, but also with the different rules and regulations, and the languages in the different countries. hard to standardize the strategy would be a huge challenge, but it sounds like the created local anaesthetic SSCs first and tried to link it nates to the companys SSC. In what s lipway is Amanco following a yellow strategy?Amanco is a yellow strategy company, since they look to be considerate of the people. Their purpose and radiation diagram goes a long way in making sure that their actions address the need of its community. Things like product awareness they neutered a birth-to-grave approach on their products, vetting individually step in the cycle to make sure that their outputs werent detrimental to the community. With the people, they started within, in ensuring that their employees were taken care of.

HEALTH INSURANCE SECTOR IN INDIA: CURRENT SCENARIO Essay

1.1 Introduction wellness and wellness distri furthere consider to be tell from separately other for no better mind than that the put to worker is often incorrectly seen as a direct function of the latter. Heath is clearly not the mere absence of disease. Good wellness confers on a soulfulness or sorts stilldom from illness and the ability to realize ones potential. health is therefore best understood as the native basis for specify a persons sense of well being. The health of universe of discourses is a unmistakable key issue in public indemnity discourse in ein truth mature purchase order often determining the deployment of huge society.They take on its cultural understanding of ill health and well-being, extent of socio- scotch disparities, pass on of health services and quality and termss of attention. and electric current bio-mcdical understanding somewhat health and illness. wellness trade c oers not merely medical exam c ar moreover alike every (prenominal)(a) aspects pro preventive cargon too. Nor sess it be limited to c atomic number 18 rendered by or financed out of public spending- deep down the brass heavens alone but must intromit incentives and disincentives for self deal out and c be paid for by snobbish citizens to get over ill health.Where, as in India, clannish out-of-pocket expenditure dominates the terms financing health c atomic number 18, the cases ar coast t be regressive. Heath sustentation at its essential core is widely recognise to be a public dear. Its demand and supply dirty dognot therefore, be left to be regulated solely by the invisible had of the marketplace. Nor can it be established on consid geological erations of utility maximizing conduct alone.1 Health indemnification in a foreshorten sense would be an mortal or radical purchasing health care reportage in advance by paying a compensation c onlyed reward.In its broader sense, it would be any arrangement that helps to d efer, delay, slew or entirely avoid payment for health care incurred by singles and house ties. Given the appropriateness of this commentary in the Indian context, this is the definition, we would adopt. The health indemnity polity market in India is very limited binding about 10% of the tot population. 1.2 HypothesisThe Researcher assumes that all projections of health care in India must in the end light on the overall changes in its political deliverance on progress made in distress mitigation (health care to the poor) in simplification of inequalities (health inequalities impact access/quality), in generation of employ /income streams (to facilitate capacity to pay and to accept individual responsibility for ones health ) in public schooling and development communication (to address forth preventive self care and risk reduction by conducive life styles ) and in person-to-person life style changes. 1.3 Research MethodologyIn this endeavour, both primary and seco ndary sources of data confine been used to prepare the present paper. Further, it must be noted that the present paper discusses in peak the Indian business office in this regard. 1.4 Object The declare oneself of this paper is to study the Situation exists in a scenario where health care is financed through with(predicate) familiar measure revenue, community financing, out of pocket payment and tender and sequestered health indemnification shunnings.1.5 kitchen range The Scope this Research is limited to the extent of Indian position in this regard, while ignoring the abroad Scope.Chapter-2Health indemnity polityHealth indemnity in a narrow sense would be an individual or crowd purchasing health care coverage in advance by paying a fee called premium. In its broader sense, it would be any arrangement that helps to defer, delay, reduce or altogether avoid payment for health care incurred by individuals and households. Given the appropriateness of this definition i n the Indian context, this is the definition, we would adopt. The health restitution market in India is very limited covering about 10% of the nitty-gritty population2. The quick evasions can be categorized as (1) Voluntary health insurance policy intrigues or private-for- proceeds schemes (2) Employer-establish schemes(3) insurance offered by NGOs / community base health insurance, and (4) Mandatory health insurance schemes or governing run schemes(namely ESIS, CGHS).32.1 Voluntary health insurance schemes or private-for- meshwork schemesIn private insurance, buyers are unstrained to pay premium to an insurance company that pools deal with similar risks and insures them for health expenses. The key distinction is that the premiums are crash at a level, which wills a profit to third helpingy and provider institutions. Premiums are based on an assessment of the risk status of the consumer (or of the group of employees) and the level of returnss provided, rather than as a equaliser of the consumers income. 4In the public sector, the command polity pile (GIC) and its cardinal subsidiary companies (National restitution Corporation, New India Assurance company, Oriental redress friendship and United amends Company) and the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India provide voluntary insuranceschemes.The Life Insurance Corporation offers Ashadeep Plan II and Jeevan Asha Plan II. The prevalent Insurance Corporation offers Personal Accident policy, Jan Arogya policy, Raj Rajeshwari policy, Medi guide policy, afield Mediclaim policy, Cancer Insurance policy, Bhavishya Arogya policy and Dreaded indisposition policy (Srivastava 1999 as quoted in Bhat R & Malvankar D, 2000)Of the variant schemes offered, Mediclaim is the main product of the GIC. The Medical Insurance project or Mediclaim was introduced in November 1986 and it covers individuals and groups with persons time-worn 5 80 yrs. Children (3 calendar months 5 yrs) are covered with th eir parents. This scheme provides for reimbursement of medical expenses ( this instant offers cashless scheme) by an individual towards hospitalisation and domiciliary hospital care as per the sum insured.There are expulsions and preexisting disease clauses. Premiums are calculated based on age and the sum insured, which in turn varies from Rs 15 000 to Rs 5 00 000. In 1995/96 about half(a) a one million million Mediclaim policies were issued with about 1.8 million beneficiaries (Krause Patrick 2000). The coverage for the course of study 2000-01 was around 7.2 million.Another scheme, namely the Jan Arogya Bima policy specifically targets the poor population groups. It also covers reimbursement of hospitalisation costs up to Rs 5 000 annually for an individual premium of Rs 100 a class. The same exclusion mechanisms apply for this scheme as those under the Mediclaim policy. A family discount of 30% is granted, but there is no group discount or agent commission. However, alik e(p) the Mediclaim, this policy too has had only limited success. The Jan Arogya Bima end had only covered 400 000 individuals by 1997.The year 1999 marked the beginning of a new era for health insurance in the Indian context. With the qualifying of the Insurance Regulatory Development Authority schnozzle (IRDA) the insurance sector was opened to private and foreign participation, thereby paving the agency for the accession of private health insurance companies. The Bill also facilitated the shaping of an authority to protect the enkindles of the insurance holders by regulating, promoting and ensuring prim growth of the insurance industry. The billallows foreign promoters to hold paid up capital of up to 26 percent in an Indian company and requires them to crap a capital of Rs 100 crore a dour with a business plan to begin its operations.Currently, a fewer companies such as Bajaj Alliance, ICICI, Royal Sundaram, and Cholamandalam among others are pass health insurance sch emes. The nature of schemes offered by these companies is draw briefly.5Bajaj Allianz Bajaj Allianz offers three health insurance schemes namely, Health Guard, small Illness indemnity and Hospital Cash periodic Allowance Policy. The Health Guard scheme is gettable to those aged 5 to 75 years (not allowing entry for those over 55 years of age), with the sum secure ranging from Rs 100 0000 to 500 000.It offers cashless emolument and medical reimbursement for hospital care expenses (preand post- hospitalisation) at various hospitals across India (subject to exclusions and conditions). In occurrence the section opts for hospitals besides the empanelled ones, the expenses incurred by him are reimbursed within 14 on the job(p) age from submission of all the documents.While pre-existing diseases are excluded at the prison term of winning the policy, they are covered from the 5th year onwards if the policy is continuously renewed for quaternion years and the same has been dec lared while taking the policy for the first time. Other discounts and usefulnesss like task exemption, health check-up at end of four claims free year, etc. can be availed of by the insured. The tiny Illness policy pays benefits in case the insured is diagnosed as suffering from any of the listed captious events and survives for marginal of 30 days from the date of diagnosis. The illnesses covered allow first heart attack Coronary artery disease requiring surgery stroke cancer kidney calamity major organ transplantation multiple induration surgery on aorta primary pulmonary arterial hypertension, and paralysis. While exclusion clauses apply, premium place are competitive and high-sum insurance can be opted for by the insured. The Hospital Cash Daily Allowance Policy provides cash benefit for each and every faultless day of hospitalization, collectible to sickness or accident. The sum payable per day is dependant on the selected scheme. certified spouseand children (age d 3 months 21years) can also be covered under the Policy. The benefits payable to the dependants are coupled to that of insured.The Policy pays for a maximum single hospitalization period of 30 days and an overall hospitalization period of 30/60 completed days per policy period per person regardless of the fall of confinements to hospital/nursing home per policy period. ICICI Lombard ICICI Lombard offers class Health Insurance Policy.This policy is available to those aged 5 80 years, (with children being covered with their parents) and is abandoned to corporate bodies, institutions, and associations. The sum insured is minimum Rs 15 000/- and a maximum of Rs 500 000/-. The premium indictable depends upon the age of the person and the sum insured selected. A slab wise group discount is admissible if the group size exceeds 100. The policy covers reimbursement of hospitalization expenses incurred for diseases contracted or injuries sustained in India. Medical expenses up to 30 d ays for Pre-hospitalization and up to 60 days for post-hospitalization are also admissible. exception clauses apply.Moreover, favourable claims experience is recognized by discount and conversely, unfavourableclaims experience attracts loading on renewal premium. On payment of additional premium, the policy can be extended to cover maternity benefits, pre-existing diseases, and reimbursement of cost of health check-up after four consecutive claims-free years.Royal Sundaram Group The Shakthi Health racing shell policy offered by the Royal Sundaram group can be availed by members of the womens group, their spouses and dependent children. No age limits apply. The premium for adults aged up to 45 years is Rs 125 per year, for those aged more than 45 years is Rs 175 per year. Children are covered at Rs 65 per year. at a lower place this policy, hospital benefits up to Rs 7 000 per annum can be availed, with a limit per claim of Rs 5 000. Other benefits include maternity benefit of Rs 3 000 subject to waiting period of nine months after first enumeration and for first twain children only. Exclusion clauses apply (Ranson K & Jowett M, 2003)Cholamandalam General Insurance The benefits offered (in association with the Paramount Health Care, a re-insurer) in case of an illness or accident resulting in hospitalization, are cash-free hospitalization in more than 1400 hospitals across India, reimbursement of the expenses during pre- hospitalization (60 days prior(prenominal) to hospitalization) and post- hospitalization (90 days after discharge) stages of give-and-take. Over one hundred thirty minor surgeries that require less than 24 hours hospitalization under day care procedure are also covered.Extra health covers like general health and eye examination, local ambulance service, hospital passing(a) allowance, and 24 hours assistance can be availed of. Exclusion clauses apply. Employer-based schemes.Employers in both the public and private sector offers employ er-based insurance schemes through their own employer-managed facilities by mode of lump sum payments, reimbursement of employees health expenditure for outpatient care and hospitalization, fixed medical allowance, monthly or annual irrespective of actual expenses, or covering them under the group health insurance policy. The railways, defensive structure and hostage forces, plantations sector and mining sector provide medical services and / or benefits to its own employees. The population coverage under these schemes is minimal, about 30-50 million people.2.2 Insurance offered by NGOs / community-based health insuranceCommunity-based funds extend to to schemes where members prepay a set amount each year for specified services. The premia are usually apartment rate (not income- thinkd) and therefore not progressive. Making profit is not the purpose of these funds, but rather ameliorate access to services. Often there is a chore with adverse selection because of a large crook of high-risk members, since premiums are not based on assessment of individual risk status. Exemptions may be adopted as a means of assisting the poor, but this will also have adverse effect on the ability of the insurance fund to meet the cost of benefits.6Community-based schemes are typically targeted at poorer populations financial backing in communities, in which they are involved in defining contribution level and collecting mechanisms, defining the content of the benefit package, and / or allocating the schemes, financial resources (International wear out Office Universities Programme 2002 as quoted in Ranson K & Acharya A, 2003).Such schemes are generally run by trust hospitals or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The benefits offered are mainly in terms of preventive care, though ambulatory and in-patient care is also covered. Such schemes tend to be financed through patient collection, government grants and donations. Increasingly in India, CBHI schemes are negotiati ng with the forprofit insurers for the purchase of custom forgeed group insurance policies.However, the coverage of such schemes is low, covering about 30-50 million (Bhat, 1999). A review by Bennett, Cresse et al. (as quoted in Ranson K & Acharya A, 2003) indicates that many community-based insurance schemes suffer from poor design and management, fail to include the poorest-of-thepoor, have low kindly rank and require extensive financial support. Other issues relate to susta softness and replication of such schemes. Some examples of community-based health insurance schemes are discussed hereinSelf-Employed Womens companionship (SEWA), Gujarat This scheme established in 1992, provides health, life and assets insurance to women working in the informal sector and their families. The instrument in the year 2002 was 93 000. This scheme operates in collaboration with the National Insurance Company (NIC). below SEWAs most popular policy, a premium of Rs 85 per individual is paid by the muliebrity for life, health and assets insurance. At an additional payment of Rs 55, her maintain too can be covered. Rs 20 per member is then paid to the National Insurance Company (NIC) which provides coverage to a maximum of Rs 2 000 per person per year for hospitalization.After being hospitalized at a hospital of ones choice (public or private), the insurance claim is submitted to SEWA. The responsibility for enrolment of members, for bear upon and approving of claims rests with SEWA. NIC in turn receives premiums from SEWA annually and pays them a lumpsum on a monthly basis for all claims reimbursed.The Action for Community Organization, Rehabilitation and Development (ACCORD) Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu was established in 1991. Around 13 000 Adivasis (tribals) are covered under a group policy purchased from New India Assurance.Another scheme located in Tamil Nadu is Kadamalai Kalanjia Vattara Sangam (KKVS) Madurai. This was established in 2000 and covers members of womens sel f-help groups and their families. Its enrolment in 2002 was around 5 710, with the KKVS functioning as a third party insurer.The Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Chennai, Tamil Nadu was established in 1963. It offers glide premium with free care to the poorest. The benefits include discounted rates on both outpatient and inpatient care, with the VHS functioning as both insurer and health care provider. In 1995, its membership was 124 715. However, this scheme suffers from low levels of cost convalescence due to problems of adverse selection.2.3 Social Insurance or mandatory health insurance schemes or government run schemes (namely the ESIS, CGHS)Social insurance is an earmarked fund set up by government with explicit benefits in return for payment. It is usually compulsory for certain groups in the population and the premiums are determined by income (and indeed ability to pay) rather than related to health risk. The benefit packages are standardized and contributions are earmark ed for spending on health services The government-run schemes include the Central disposal Health scheme (CGHS) and the Employees State Insurance synopsis (ESIS).Central disposal Health Scheme (CGHS) Since 1954, all employees of the Central Government (present and retired) some autonomous and semi-government organizations, MPs, judges, liberty fighters and journalists are covered under the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS). This scheme was designed to interchange the cumbersome and expensive system of reimbursements (GOI, 1994). It aims at providing super medical care to the Central Government employees and the benefits offered include all outpatient facilities, and preventive and promotive care in dispensaries.Inpatient facilities in government hospitals and approved private hospitals are also covered. This scheme is mainly funded through Central Government funds, with premiums ranging from Rs 15 to Rs 150 per month based on salary scales. The coverage of this scheme h as grown substantially with provisionfor the non-allopathic systems of medicine as well as for allopathy. Beneficiaries at this moment are around 432 000, spread across 22 cities.The CGHS has been criticized from the steer of view of quality and accessibility. Subscribers have complained of high out-of-pocket expenses due to slow reimbursement and incomplete coverage for private health care (as only 80% of cost is reimbursed if referral is made to private facility when such facilities are not available with the CGHS).7 Employee and State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) The enactment of the Employees State Insurance Act in 1948 led to formulation of the Employees State Insurance Scheme. This scheme provides protection to employees against loss of pay due to inability to work due to sickness, maternity, disability and death due to employment injury.It offers medical and cash benefits, preventive and promotive care and health education. Medical care is also provided to employees and their fa mily members without fee for service. Originally, the ESIS scheme covered all power-using non-seasonal factories employing 10 or more people. Later, it was extended to cover employees working in all non-power using factories with 20 or more persons. While persons working in mines and plantations, or an organization offering health benefits as good as or better than ESIS, are specifically excluded. Service establishments like shops, hotels, restaurants, cinema houses, road enamor and news papers printing are now covered.The monthly wage limit for enrolment in the ESIS is Rs. 6 500, with a prepayment contribution in the form of a payroll tax of 1.75% by employees, 4.75% of employees wages to be paid by the employers, and 12.5% of the total expenses are borne by the state governments. The number of beneficiaries is over 33 million spread over 620 ESI centres across states. Under the ESIS, there were 125 hospitals, 42 annexes and 1 450 dispensaries with over 23 000 beds facilities.The scheme is managed and financed by the Employees State Insurance Corporation (a public undertaking) through the state governments, with total expenditure of Rs 3 300 million or Rs 400/- per capita insured person. The ESIS programme has attracted considerable criticism. A report based on patient surveys conducted in Gujarat (Shariff, 1994 as quoted in Ellis R et a, 2000) found that over half of those covered did not seek care from ESIS facilities. Unsatisfactory nature of ESIS services, low quality drugs, long waiting periods, impudent behaviour of personnel, lack of interest or low intereston part of employees and low awareness of ESI procedures, were some of the reasons cited.8Chapter-3ConclusionThe argufy for the Indian policy- guessrs is to find ways to improve upon the existing situation in the health sector and to make equitable, affordable and quality health care amicable to the population, especially the poor and the vulnerable sections of the society.It is in a way inevitab le that the state reforms its public health delivery system and explores other social security options like health insurance. Implementing regulations would be one, but by no means the best mechanism to soften provider behaviour and costs. This can only be done by developing mechanisms where government and households can together pool their funds. This could be one way of controlling provider behaviour.There is an urgent accept to document global and Indian experiences in social health insurance. Different financing options would need to be developed for different target groups. The wide differentials in the demographic, epidemiological status and the delivery capacity of health systems are a serious constraint to a nationally mandated health insurance system. Given the heterogeneousness of different regions in India and the regional specifications, one would need to undertake pilot projects to gather more instruction about the population to be targeted under an insurance scheme and develop options for different population groups.Health policy-makers and health systems research institutions, in collaboration with economic policy study institutes, need to gather information about the prevailing disease burden at various geographical regions to develop standard treatment guidelines, to undertake costing of health services for evolving benefit packages to determine the premium to be levied and subsidies to be given up and to map health care facilities available and the institutional mechanisms which need to be in place, for implementing health insurance schemes.Skillbuilding for the personnel involved, and capacity-building ofall the stakeholders involved, would be a critical component for ensuring the success of any health insurance programme.The success of any social insurance scheme would depend on its design, the implementation and monitoring mechanisms which would be set in place and it would also call for restructuring and reforming the health system, and developing the necessary prerequisites to ensure its success.