Is Bolivia a Quality Democracy

Is Bolivia a Quality Democracy Free Online Research Papers Democracy is defined by Princeton University as â€Å"the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives.† (University 2010) Basically a democracy is a government that is run by the people and/or its elected officials. A democracy is a government that is meant to serve the will and needs of the people to improve life in all aspects. Both the USA and Canada are examples of successful, and long lived, democracies. The opening to the book Assessing the Quality of Democracy states the essences of democracy and the need for it to be an adaptive state: â€Å"As democracy has spread over the past three decades to a majority of the world’s states, analytic attention has turned increasingly from explaining the character of democratic regimes. Much of the democratic literature of the 1990s was concerned with the consolidation of democratic regimes. In recent years, social scientists as well as democracy practitioners and aid agencies have sought to develop means of framing and assessing the quality of democracy. This stream of theory, methodological innovation, and empirical research has three broad motives; First, that deepening democracy is a moral good, if not an imperative; second, that reform to improve democratic quality are essential is democracy is to achieve the broad and durable legitimacy that marks consolidation, and third, that long established democracies must reform if they are to attend to their own gathering problems of public dissatisfaction and even disillusionment.† (Diamond and Morlino 2005, 1) Skipping ahead a little in the book they go in to say, â€Å"Who is to define what constitutes a ‘good’ democracy, and to what extent is a universal conception of democratic quality possible? How can the effort to address deficiencies of democracy avoid becoming paternalistic exercises in which the established democracies take themselves for granted as models and so escape scrutiny? How can assessments of democratic quality go beyond mere analytics and be useful to political reformers, civil society activists, international donors, and others who seek to improve the quality of democracy? These are only some of the questions that pervade and motivate this growing subfield of study.† (Diamond and Morlino 2005) From this we can see how deciding whether or not a country is a quality democracy is a little tricky and involves many different facets of thought. This paper is obvious my approach and opinions in this matter and it is very possible I am wrong in my assumptions. A quality democracy is defined, in my opinion, by several things. First, and foremost, is the concern for the people and their welfare before anything else. The people are the country, and the reason for any kind of governing system. The second mark of a good democracy is the dedication to bettering the economical wellbeing and stability of the country. The more prosperous a country becomes the better the living situations and the overall quality of life should increase within that state. The goal should be to become prosperous in order to benefit the country and its people as a whole; not to make the government more powerful or wealthy. Not that the country has to be a rich one to be a quality democracy just that the ultimate goals and values are those that are for the betterment of the country, and not politicians. My thesis for this research is that Bolivia is not a quality democracy and the facts and research outlined in this paper will either prove or disprove this statement. Political and Governmental To take a quick look back to the 16th century, Bolivia was originally populated with an Indian population that was under the rule of the Incan Empire and used to be known as Upper Peru. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010) They gained their Independence in 1825 from Peru and renamed the country after independence fighter Simon Bolivar, who subsequently became Bolivia’s first president, which at that point in history was intended for life. Part of the power of the president at this point in history was the power to nominate his presidential successor. Even though Bolivia had a president, all the workings and policies reflected those of a monarchy. This is just a quick look into the first instance of a Bolivian president, even if it is not in the modern sense and concepts. One point that kept showing with the research into Bolivia is similarity to most other Latin American countries by having a long history of military interference with the government. Currently, Bolivia is considered a Democratic Republic and has recently drafted, and implemented, a new constitution in 2009. It is a completely electoral state including the smaller governing bodies such as mayors of the smaller towns. Since Bolivia is a democracy, it is ruled by a President elect who is the head of the government as well as the head of state. There are nine departments in the Administrative divisions of the government with many smaller branches. â€Å"The reforms (of the 1990s) just changed a few, but it wasn’t enough. It was a change in name only. They, the politicians, made the changes among themselves, the authorities. They never consulted with the people (el pueblo) †¦ So, the people arose, they got mad and the kicked out Goni (the president, Gonazales Sanchez de Lozada). (Grey 2007) The third millennium is the epoch of the original peoples, no longer that of the empire; it is the epoch o the struggle against the (neoliberal) economical model.† This quote is from Bolivia’s current president Evo Morales, the former leader of the coca growers union and a member of the Movement toward Socialism party. He was also descended from the indigenous Indians who had lived in Bolivia for centuries. (CIA 2010) Morales has been in office since 2005 and was re-elected into office in 2009, which is highly unusual since according to the old Bolivian constitution a president can only serve one term in office. In the old constitution, the president would be chosen by the Senate if neither of the candidates was over 50 percent of the popular vote. The drafting of a new constitution in 2009 allowed a candidate to be re-elected if neither of the new candidates were over 50 percent of the popular vote and if the margin of votes was less than 10 percent dividing them. (CIA 2010) (Reuters 2010) (Coster 2010)This erases the term limit that is placed on the former president and allows him to enter the race. This was history making because it w as the first time in Bolivia that a president ran for re-election, let alone won and started a second term. Plus, it had the added feature that he was part of the indigenous people descended from the Incans of the past. â€Å"Morales†¦ broadened the scope to include real participation of the Indian population in local and national governance†¦ Morales organized a special inauguration ceremony following Aymara (the indigenous people) rituals prior to the official event. He represented himself as the first full-blood indigenous president who was dedicated to overturning Bolivia’s centuries-old social hierarchy. After centuries of oppression, this was a stunning culmination and display of newly found Indian power.† (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 181) Morales policies are intended to focus the countries resources towards those areas that need it and not the ones that already have a stable means of support, such as the natural gas areas and the farming areas. Part of the new constitution was the re-distribution of land to the people to balance the prosperity of the land with the impoverish people. The idea was to give the people not only a way to feed themselves but also a way to make a little extra money and better their lots in life. This, obviously, was not a popular idea with the prosperous land owners who had long enjoyed the privileges of their class. Another area where he lacked popular support was with the indigenous classes that he so proudly came from. He didn’t fluently speak either of the native languages and the majority of the time speaks Spanish. According to The New York Times; â€Å"Officials in the lowlands, where most of Bolivia’s food and petroleum are produced, ridiculed the new charter. But others say the new Constitution addresses underrepresentation of Indians, pointing to articles that would reserve seats for them in Congress and in other areas of the fast-growing bureaucracy. Even Mr. Morales’s cabinet has just two Indian ministers; his top aides, the vice president (a former guerrilla) and the chief of staff (a former military officer), are light-skinned intellectuals† (par 9 10) The new constitution was created to try and balance the social classes as well as stabilize the economy but it seems regardless of the changes made there was still mass unhappiness in Bolivia with the various aspects of change that Morales has, and wants to, implement in Bolivian society. Officially Bolivia calls itself a Plurinational State which basically translates to a focus on the diversity and needs of the population. The general idea is that the government distributes the nation’s income to different areas in order to help those who need it the most. These general ideals aren’t that different from the Marxist ideas that are so prevalent in Latin Americas history. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010) I am including a breakdown from the CIA’s World Fact Book of the political structure to help illustrate how the Bolivian government is constructed. Branches: Executive Branch- which includes the president and governmental cabinet. Legislative Branch- there are actually two legislative chambers in Bolivia. Congress also falls under this branch. Judicial Branch- There are five levels of jurisdiction in the Bolivian judicial system. It is headed by the Supreme Court with has a separate Constitutional Tribunal, as well as a Supreme Electoral Tribunal which rules on matters related to the electoral process. There are nine departments that are subdivisions of the government which is headed by elected governors. Within the political system in Bolivia there are four major political parties. They are: 1. Movement Towards Socialism (MAS), 2. National Unity (UN), 3. Fearless Movement (MSM), 4. Social Alliance (AS) There are many smaller civilian-based parties but none that are of any consequence or major influence. (Government 2010) There is history involved in the politics that would indicate that Bolivia was a bad democracy, but the recent changes in the government, both leadership and structurally that are showing great promise and potential in making Bolivia a quality democracy. So far my thesis seems to be in jeopardy of being proven false. Social The majority of the general populous still has a high content of Indian descendents and most are fiercely proud of that heritage. As stated previously, the large majority of the Bolivian population is indigenous and descendant from the Incan Indians that had inhabited the area before Spanish conquest. Originally under the control of the Viceroy of Lima the land then called Upper Peru would eventually become Bolivia. The majority of the proceeds from the silver that was mined there was a very large contributing factor to the Spanish Empire. Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century Upper Peru declared its independence from Peru and Spain, renaming itself after the freedom fighter Simon Bolivar in the mid-eighteen twenties. Just because independence was achieved this didn’t meant instant stability or prosperity. The growth of a new government was slow and there were constant changes and upheavals in the first half century or so. Some of their land was even taken over by Chile, which effectively cut off sea access and the ease of trade that Bolivia had enjoyed and taken for granted for all those years while still under Spanish control. Not only did Bolivia mine gold and silver, they had gold mines as well, which became one of the few saving graces for this newly independent country. Gold was ever increasing in value in the world market. Gold mining was definitely a profitable endeavor for the mine owner as well as the country, but this was soon surpassed by the mining and exporting of tin. The natural reserves of tin far outweighed any of the other metals and other natural resources that Bolivia possessed. The increase in wealth with the mine owners had an eventual effect on the political systems in Bolivia, when they decided that they wanted or needed anything they would simple hire strong arms and place pressure on the still weak government. This was a fairly successful method, especially since a large majority of the countries jobs and income came from the mines. Despite the wealth of the various mines and other natural resources available to Bolivia, it has a very high poverty rate because it is still one of the least developed countries in Latin America by comparison. Somewhere around two thirds of the population consists of impoverished subsistence farmers. The annual population rate is incredibly low, averaging less than two percent a year. (Grey 2007) Another factor in the social state is the literacy rate, which is also very low. Many of the children attend less than a year of schooling in their lives, and that is if they are lucky enough to get that. The prominent religion is Roman Catholic thanks to the early influences from Spain; however there is a slowing rising Protestant movement in recent years. The poverty rate in Bolivia is staggeringly high, toping over sixty percent of the general populous. That would roughly be around six million people all living in squalor with no sewage system, no running water, no medical care and barely enough food to survive. (Grey 2007) The people have bad working conditions in the silver and tin mines, as well as no education or any opportunities to better their lots in life. The Great Depression was especially hard on Bolivia cutting the price of tin down below half of what it was. Because of the loss of the easy sea access, shipping costs had always been high for Bolivia and the effects of the Depression were devastating. While the struggling economy from the Depression almost crippled them, tin would eventually bring Bolivia out of its slump and in later years and place them as one of the four leading suppliers of tin worldwide. Working in the mines in dangerous conditions and low pay was a prominent social structure until a war broke out with Paraguay in the nineteen thirties. The shock of the war helped the working classes realize that they needed more from life and formed various social groups to pursue and hopefully achieve these goals. The workers in the mines were both men and woman. Often times there were even children that worked the mines in order to help feed their families. One woman worker from the mines said, â€Å"We eat the mines and the mines eat us†. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 158) This shows the general feeling that was prevalent among the people, especially those in the mines. According to The New York Times many laws were recently passed to fight different aspects that were considered problematic to society in including racism. â€Å"Bolivia’s leftist president, Evo Morales, signed an anti-racism law Friday that his opponents say could be used to stifle media criticism of his government. The law allows authorities to close down news outlets deemed to have published racist content, which has led to protests by senators from the eastern region of Santa Cruz, the nation’s richest area and an opposition stronghold. Mr. Morales, Bolivia’s first president of native Indian descent, said the measure ensured greater equality for the indigenous majority in South America’s poorest nation.† (Reuters 2010) This shows at least a general awareness, if not concern, for the stability of the relationship of the people of Bolivia by its leadership and the recognition of the need for change and evolution. They recognized that there are problems present from the history of the country and they want to change as a way to move Bolivia towards a more modern and tolerant society. From research, the social structure of Bolivia is a divided and impoverished one. There is drastic difference in the social classes and there is little available to move out of where you are born. Classically speaking I would say that Bolivia had a very poor social structure and that directly reflects on the government’s influences and practices. Looking at the past social aspects of Bolivia I would say this was definitely an argument towards Bolivia not being a quality democracy, however with the new governmental changes and the amendments to the constitution that distributes money where it is needed and gives land to the workers, I would definitely say that Bolivia is on the right track to correct mistakes and problems of the past. The governing body is showing concern for the needs of the people and working to fill those needs. Once again there is hope for this small country in regards to a new governing body that works and is beneficial to country and the people. Economic systems Economically speaking, Bolivia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in modern Latin America. (Government 2010) There have been recent discovery of natural gas deposits and the country is hopeful this will help boost them as a significant player in the world economy. Other industries include; sugarcane, tobacco, petroleum, mining and clothing. Bolivia’s original exports that brought them commerce and eventually times of economic stability, were silver and tin. Because of the changing times and the advancements of the times, tin was surprisingly the leading export for Bolivia for many years and is still one of the major mining and export industries in the country. There were other natural resources that were present in Bolivia and a major one was petroleum. There were wells being drilled as early as 1916 by private companies and when the Bolivian government saw the value in this industry, they simple nationalized the entire operation by the end of the nineteen thirties. The petroleum industry was a steady export and the peak for Bolivian petroleum was in the 1970s and steadily declined after. The ever changing global economy and market contributed to the decline in the Bolivian petroleum industry, they are a small country and they were competing against many large countries, most of which the drilling companies were privately owned and inevitably, by the early 1990s the oil industry returns to being privately owned. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 158) Another export, though not as prevalent as their other ones or quite as legal in many cases, was coca. This plant is what is used in the manufacturing of cocaine and thrives in the South American climate. The farming of this plant not only affects the economical structure in Bolivia but it has some political connotations as well. Helen Coster of the Washington Post wrote, â€Å"The United States says that Bolivia the worlds third-largest producer of coca, after Colombia and Peru produces too much excess coca, which is often processed into cocaine and sold in South America and Europe. Critics say the decision is political, intended to punish Bolivia for its lack of cooperation in the U.S.-led war on drugs, specifically President Evo Moraless decision to kick out the Drug Enforcement Administration in 2008. Washington is saying that if youre not fighting the war on drugs the way we want you to, well punish you, says Sdenka Silva Ballon, a sociologist and founder of the Museo de la Coca in La Paz. If Bolivia had invited DEA agents back, then the U.S. would probably be pleased with its efforts. (Coster 2010) The Bolivian government takes a stance against drugs and the production of cocaine but refuses to outlaw the farming of the coca plant. Coster goes on to say, â€Å"Coca is an issue that has long defined U.S.-Bolivian relations, and which Morales, a cocalero and head of the coca growers federation, uses to galvanize his base.†Evos electoral stronghold was the cocaleros and other groups with the same school of thought: the have-nots neglected by the government masses, says Caesar Guedes, representative of the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime in Bolivia. Theres a thin line where the government has to be careful: keep the culture of coca without the support and endorsement of cocaine. It takes work for the government to make that message clear. (Coster 2010) While the production of cocaine is obviously illegal, the farming of the leafy plant is not and surprisingly plays a part in the history of the country. The indigenous people have long used this plant as a medicine to combat fatigue, hunger and thirst. It had also been used as a mild anesthetic before stronger ones were wildly available. There were also smaller tribes that used the plant in religious ceremonies to assist in vision quests and many times was used as an offering to their gods. There was a brief gold rush in the 1980s which fit right into the countries mining history and for a short time they were exporting around 80 percent of the legal gold exports in the world market. The Bolivian economy was history making in the 1980s with prices increasing by over 20,000 percent in a one year period. This was a real threat until a new government was formed in the end of 1985 that instigated a stabilization program. This plan capped prices and halted inflation and actually lessened it for awhile. Not too long after it started to rise again. There was not one major war that effected the Bolivian economy but the buildup of the various government coups that seem to be very prevalent in this country’s history. They were also affected by high interest rates, price drops for commodities and the instability of the foreign markets. The country hoped that the solution to their economic problems was Siles Suazo, who was elected in 1980 but did not take office until 1982. His government would have power for a short three years. By this point in their history Bolivia could not obtain any foreign loans and the inflation rate was over 300 percent annually. According to Juan Antonio; â€Å"By any standard, Bolivias economic crisis in the 1980s has been extraordinary. Like its neighbors. Bolivia suffered from major external shocks, but the extent of economic collapse in the face of these shocks (including a hyperinflation during 1984-85) suggests that internal factors as well as external shocks have been critical to Bolivias poor economic performance. One major theme of our work is that the recent economic crisis in Bolivia is a reflection of political and economic conflicts in Bolivian society that have undermined the development process throughout this century. While major reforms have been begun by the present government, many of the deepest problems in Bolivian society that contributed to the crisis remain unresolved.† (Antonio 1988) Natural gas became a commodity for this small country. A major pipeline was constructed in the 1970s and twenty years later another line was built due to an agreement with Brazil for export. Bolivia has the second largest reserve of natural gas in Latin America and equaled almost 30 percent of its exports. Controversy was sparked due to control of the natural gas and the economical impact it would have on the surrounding areas. Based upon the research for Bolivia contained in this research, I would say historically this was, and is, a fairly weak and poor country. The political structure was constantly unstable with various instances of military involvement. The recent strides with the redrafting of the country’s Constitution shows promise for the country’s future, and the future of the people. The discovery of the gas reserves is also a promising note for the country. I don’t see historic Bolivia as a good example of a quality democracy because of the aforementioned facts; however, I do see potential and hope for this country in the coming years. Recent times and changes within the government system and leaders have shown a renewed hope and energy that Bolivia will become a stable and prosperous nation. There are many years of calamity and disaster for Bolivia and the hurdles that the new powers have to jump are not easy ones. They are showing themselves to be loyal Bolivian citizens a s well as practical minded in regards to the changes that were/are needed to make their homeland something to be proud of. Antonio, Juan. Bolivias Economical Crisis. NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w2620, June 1988. CIA. The World Fact Book. September 29, 2010. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.htm. Coster, Helen. Bolivia Walks the Line as it Struggles to Battle Coca Production. The Washington Post, November 13, 2010. Diamond, Larry Jay, and Leonardo Morlino. Assessing the Quality of Democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Government, US. U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. May 13, 2010. www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3575.htm. Grey, Nancy. Now We are Citizens; Indigenous Politics in Post-multicultural Bolivia. New York: Stanford University Press, 2007. Reuters. Bolivia: New Law Called Threat to Media Critism of Government. October 09, 2010. Skidmore, Thomas E., Peter H. Smith, and James N. Green. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. University, Princeton. WordNet, A Lexicon Database for English. September 20, 2010. www.wordnetweb.princeton.edu. 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Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) - Sociologist Profile

Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) - Sociologist Profile Best known for developing theories of deviance,  as well as the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and role model, Robert K. Merton is considered one of Americas most influential social scientists.  Robert K. Merton was born July 4, 1910 and died February 23, 2003. Early Life and Education Robert K. Merton was born Meyer R. Schkolnick in Philadelphia into a working class Eastern European Jewish Immigrant family. He changed his name at the age of 14 to Robert Merton, which evolved out of a teenage career as an amateur magician as he blended the names of famous magicians. Merton attended Temple College for undergraduate work and Harvard for graduate work, studying sociology at both and earning his doctorate degree in 1936. Career and Later Life Merton taught at Harvard until 1938 when he became professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at Tulane University. In 1941 he joined the Columbia University faculty where he was named to the Universitys highest academic rank, University Professor, in 1974. In 1979 Merton retired from the University and became an adjunct faculty member at Rockefeller University and was also the first Foundation Scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation. He retired from teaching altogether in 1984. Merton received many awards and honors for his research. He was one of the first sociologists elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the first American sociologists to be elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1994, he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founding the sociology of science. He was the first sociologist to receive the award. Throughout his career, more than 20 universities awarded him honorary degrees, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Chicago as well as several universities abroad. He is also credited as the creator of the focus group research method. Merton was very passionate about the sociology of science and was interested in the interactions and importance between social and cultural structures and science. He carried out extensive research in the field, developing the Merton Thesis, which explained some of the causes of the Scientific Revolution. His other contributions to the field deeply shaped and helped developed fields such as the study of bureaucracy, deviance, communications, social psychology, social stratification, and social structure. Merton was also one of the pioneers of modern policy research, studying things such as housing projects, the use of social research by the ATT Corporation, and medical education. Among the notable concepts that Merton developed are unintended consequences, the reference group, role strain, manifest function,  role model, and self-fulfilling prophecy. Major Publications Social Theory and Social Structure (1949)The Sociology of Science (1973)Sociological Ambivalence (1976)On The Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript (1985)On Social Structure and Science References Calhoun, C. (2003). Robert K. Merton Remembered. asanet.org/footnotes/mar03/indextwo.html Johnson, A. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Criminology research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminology research paper - Essay Example The killer could achieve their gratification through posing the body in different ways as well as propping the body in diverse ways and in insertion of objects into the victim’s bodily openings. Such murderers are usually viewed as sadistic sexual psychopaths. The classification of the murder related to lust is done according to the crime scene mostly with regard to psychopathology of the scene. Moreover, a homosexual or heterosexual orientation could also be involved in lust murders. The organized offender could be identified if the murderer tortures and kills to gain sexual gratification, which can also be categorized as prototype serial killer. The disorganized lust killers also exhibit similar behaviors although the difference between the two murderers is the inability of the disorganized felon to escape and avoid being caught. These individuals are usually arrested while committing the crime or shortly afterwards. On the other hand, the organized felon is categorized as a bove average with regard to intelligence. This is because they undertake crimes that are well thought out and planned carefully. The criminal mostly undertakes the crime away from their areas of residence or employment. The organized felon travels a long distance before identifying the place to commit the crime as compared to the disorganized felon. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCCK.SDKLHJSNFLNJKLkdldncmcmkdjfherpojfvv m,

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Essay

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Restaurants - Essay Example While the two restaurants are largely similar in terms of products and services offered and thus requires similar efforts from their employees, observations seems to indicate that employees in the two restaurants do not enjoy comparable salaries. This report aims to investigate this issue and provide statistical evidence that would prove or disprove the comparability of salary packages awarded to the employees of the two restaurants. Procedure Information was gathered on the salaries that employees from the two restaurants receive. Upon collecting these data, they were subjected to statistical analysis using the appropriate computer software. Pertinent statistical data of interest regarding employee salaries were: Shape of the distribution, Mean, Median, Minimum value, Maximum value, Range, Lower quartile value (Q1), Upper quartile value (Q3), Semi-interquartile range (SIR), Standard deviation, and Total Salaries. In addition, the number of employees were also noted. The results are presented in Table 1 below. Findings Table 1. Summary of Descriptive Statistics on the Salaries of Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Employees.    MAMA MIA ROMA PASTA Shape of distribution Positively skewed Negatively skewed Mean salary PW ?550 ?553 Median salary PW ?470 ?540 Min ?199 ?450 Max ?901 ?800 Range ?702 ?350 Q1( lower quartile) ?300 ?510 Q3(upper quartile) ?670 ?590 SIR ?185 ?40 Standard deviation ?117 ?66 Number of employees 248 196 Total Salaries ?116560 ?105840 Discussion and Analysis of Results The mean salary of employees from Mama Mia was ?  550 per week while Roma Pasta employees earn an average of ?553 per week. However, since the distributions are skewed, the median is the best measure to use in describing the average salaries of the employees. Looking at the data, we see that fifty percent of Mama Mia employees earned less than ?470 per week while 50% of Roma Pasta employees earned less than ?540 per week. These values indicate that more Roma Pasta employees are getti ng higher salaries than Mama Mia employees. In addition, the salary range of Mama Mia employee salaries is ?702 with a minimum salary of ?199 and ?901 while the salary range of Pasta Roma employee salaries is ?350 with a minimum salary of ?450 and a maximum salary of ?800. A further look into the results indicate that Q1 or the lower quartile employees for Mama Mia’s earn ?300 while lower quartile employees for Pasta Roma earn ?510. This means that 25% of Mama Mia’s employees have salaries of less than ?300 while 25% of Pasta Roma employees have salaries of less than ?510. Considering that the minimum salary received by Pasta Roma employees is ?450, this result suggests that even low-level Pasta Roma employees are being paid better than the low-level Mama Mia’s employees. Furthermore, Q3 or employees belonging to the upper quartile for Mama Mia’s earn ?670 while employees belonging to the upper quartile for Pasta Roma earn ?590. This time, we notice that the upper level employees of Mama Mia’s are actually paid better than the upper level employees of Pasta Roma. Thus, the middle 50% of Mama Mia’s employees earn ? 300 - ? 670 while the middle 50% of Pasta Roma employees earn ?510 - ?590. Factoring in the semi-interquartile range (SIR) of both groups, we see that Mama Mia’s has a high dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?185, while Pasta Roma has a low dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?40. In addition, the standard deviation of ?117 indicates a large amount of dispersion about the mean for Mama Mia’s while the standard deviation of ?66 indicates a relatively smaller amount of dispers

Week 6 Assignment Essay Example for Free

Week 6 Assignment Essay E10-1(Acquisition Costs of Realty) The expenditures and receipts below are related to land, land improvements, and buildings acquired for use in a business enterprise. The receipts are enclosed in parentheses. (a) Money borrowed to pay building contractor (signed a note) $(275,000) (b) Payment for construction from note proceeds 275,000 (c) Cost of land fill and clearing 10,000 (d)Delinquent real estate taxes on property assumed by purchaser 7,000 (e) Premium on 6-month insurance policy during construction 6,000 (f) Refund of 1-month insurance premium because construction completed early (1,000) (g) Architect’s fee on building 25,000 (h) Cost of real estate purchased as a plant site (land $200,000 and building $50,000) 250,000 (i) Commission fee paid to real estate agency 9,000 (j) Installation of fences around property 4,000 (k) Cost of razing and removing building 11,000 (l) Proceeds from salvage of demolished building (5,000) (m) Interest paid during construction on money borrowed for construction 13,000 (n) Cost of parking lots and driveways 19,000 (o) Cost of trees and shrubbery planted (permanent in nature) 14,000 (p) Excavation costs for new building 3,000 Instructions Identify each item by letter and list the items in columnar form, using the headings shown below. All receipt amounts should be reported in parentheses. For any amounts entered in the Other Accounts column, also indicate the account title. Holyfield Dorsett Winston   Liston Greeley Machine cost $160,000 $120,000 $152,000 $160,000 $130,000 Accum Depr. 60,000 45,000   71,000 75,000 –0– Fair value 92,000 69,000 92,000 95,000 185,000 Instructions For each of the four independent situations, prepare the journal entries to record the exchange on the books of each company.

Smoke Signals by Sherman Alexie Essay -- Movies Native Americans Histo

Smoke Signals by Sherman Alexie Smoke Signals is a movie written by Sherman Alexie and directed by Chris Eyre that deals with many social issues in modern Native American cultures. The film follows the journey of two Coeur d’Alene Indians, Victor and Thomas, as they travel from their reservation in Oregon to Phoenix, AZ in order to gather the personal artifacts of Victor’s father who has recently died. Along the way, Thomas helps Victor to understand and forgive his father, who left the family when Victor was a young boy. Victor’s father, Arnold Joseph, saved both of the boys from a fire that he inadvertently caused on the 4th of July when the boys were mere babies. Although the boys were saved, Thomas’s parents both died in the blaze. Since then, Arnold Joseph has carried the guilt of what he has done silently, using alcohol to try and bury the memory. As the years progress Arnold Joseph begins abusing his family, which finally leads to his wife telling him that there will be no more dr inking after she realizes what it is doing to their son. Arnold Joseph once again runs from the situation, much like he did the night of the fire, unable to handle the consequences of his actions. Arnold flees to Phoenix, AZ where he carries out the rest of his days, never speaking to his family again, but silently wishing that he could go back home. He dies before overcoming his feelings of guilt, and upon hearing of his death Victor decides to go to Phoenix to retrieve his fathers personal artifacts. Victor has no money with which to fund his trip south, however his friend Thomas offers him enough money to make the journey provided that Victor brings him along. Together, they set out on a bus to Phoenix, and along the way, with the help of... ...ld. On the surface of the movie, we see two young Indian men, traveling south together on a journey that will lead to the healing of their friendship, as well as one of them coming to terms with his past. But deeper in the movie, we are left to find our own story, if we so choose; one that will vary from person to person if you care to ask. For me I found that to this day, the Native Americans still lead a rough life due to what the white man has done to them in the past. However, instead of buckling under the pressure of centuries, much of their culture still struggles and lives on inside each successive generation. I would recommend this movie to anyone, and I'm sure that I will end up sending it to my family back home. Not only would I recommend watching the movie, but I would urge all to see beneath the surface story and find the hidden messages underneath.

Individualized Developmental Care Practices Health And Social Care Essay

AbstractionAim and nonsubjective. This research aimed to measure the consequence of individualised developmental attention patterns on the growing and hospitalization continuance of prematures. Background: It is known that individualised developmental attention patterns enable premature babies to hold rapid weight addition, intensive attention complications to diminish, to hold earlier discharge from the infirmary, and the related cost to cut down. Design. The survey used an experimental design. Methods. The survey was carried out with prematures who received intervention and attention in the NICU ( N=97 ) . Babies were randomized into three groups ; mother ‘s aroma, flexure and control. Babies were monitored every attention hours of each twenty-four hours until the discharge and the measurings were recorded. The informations obtained were analyzed by t-test, per centum distributions, agencies, chi-square trial, analysis of discrepancy, and Bonferroni trial. Consequences. It was determined in the survey that there was a important difference between experimental and control groups in footings of agencies of their discharge weight and tallness and this difference was associated with the mother-scent group ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . While the within-group difference between hospitalization and discharge weight means was important merely in the mother-scent group ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) , the within-group difference between hospitalization and discharge tallness agencies was important in all three groups ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Even though the within-group difference between agencies of hospitalization continuance of premature babies was undistinguished ( p & gt ; 0.05 ) , means in the experimental groups were determined to be lower than the agencies in the control group. Decision. Since the methods of female parent ‘s odor and flexure place intercessions support premature babies ‘ growing and shorten their hospitalization continuance, it is of import to utilize routinely them at NICU. Relevance to Clinical Practice: NICU nurses might put the premature infants down in the flexure place and do them feel their female parent ‘s aroma in order to speed up their growing and shorten their hospitalization continuance. Cardinal Wordss: Individualized Developmental Care, Premature Baby, NICU, NursingIntroductionPrematureness is the most of import ground for neonatal mortality and morbidity in the development states ( Yurdakok 2005, Beck et Al. 2010, Simmons et Al. 2010 ) . The life of premature babies who are born early is tried to be survived in the Newborn Intensive Care Units ( NICU ) . A important lessening has been achieved in infant mortalities with the aid of the advanced technological tools and standardized attention techniques in NICUs. Furthermore, it is observed that while lasting neurodevelopmental jobs, larning and behavioural upsets, and motor accomplishments lessening, other developmental jobs addition ( YA ±ldA ±rA ±m 2001, Vandenberg 2007, CiAYdem 2011, Brown & A ; Heermann 1997 ) . Bing extremely different from the intrauterine environment, the NICU obstructs accommodation of the baby to the new life, since it can non exactly run into the developmental degree and demands of a premature baby. In these units, the inauspicious effects could be minimized by doing some alterations on the environment ( TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008 ) . In add-on to environment, the nursing attention besides has a high efficiency for premature babies to be affected positively/negatively. The consequences of NIDCAP ( Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ) patterns, which have been executed in NICUs in recent old ages, have been positive both in footings of both the baby and clinic facet ( YA ±ldA ±rA ±m 2001, TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008 ) . Sing the individualism and behavioural organisation of the neonate ; the attack of IDC ( Individualized Development Care ) is consisted of commanding and set uping the environmental factors, nearing the attention needs as baby-centered and using them in such a manner to back up the development of the baby in order to enable version of the neonate to the excess uterine life ( Vandenberg 2007, Brown & A ; Heermann 1997, Als 1982, Symigton & A ; Pinelli 2006 ) . When the IDC is practiced, it could enable the stabilisation of physiological and behavioural maps of the premature, and contribute to his/her healthy growing and development ( CiAYdem 2011 ) . Some advantages of the IDC are as follows ; rapid weight addition, lessening in intensive attention complications, earlier discharge from the infirmary and a important lessening in the cost ( TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008 ) . The nursing attention patterns provided in NICUs have been arranged all around the universe since 1980s in line with NIDCAP plans ( Brown & A ; Heermann 1997, Symigton & A ; Pinelli 2006, Gibbins et Al. 2008, Coughlin et Al. 2009, Als et Al. 1994, Holsti et Al. 2004, Wielenga et Al. 2009, Maguire et Al. 2009 ) . There have been a limited figure of surveies, which assess the consequence of IDC in footings of different topics, in Turkey. TarA ± and CiAYdem ( 2008 ) determined that the IDC, which is executed in passage to bottle-feeding in preterm babies, increases the organic structure weight in babies and enables earlier discharge of them. In their survey which evaluated the efficiency of the odor of chest milk in passage from forced feeding to entire unwritten eating in premature babies, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. ( 2011 ) determined that the stimulation by the odor of chest milk accelerated the passage to entire unwritten eating and shortens the hospitalization continuance. Akcan et Al . ( 2009 ) investigated the consequence of kangaroo attention on diminishing the hurting during the invasive intercessions, and found that babies, to whom kangaroo attention was applied, felt less pain compared to those in the control group. The survey conducted by AydA ±n ( 2006 ) determined that while the classical music that is played for premature babies had no consequence on the growing parametric quantities and hospitalization continuance of babies, it was effectual on diminishing emphasis degrees. In Turkey there has been no survey that investigates the consequence of supplying female parent ‘s aroma and the place that supports the flexure, sing the IDC patterns. The IDC patterns that will be performed in line with the consequences obtained from these intercessions are thought to be perchance supportive for the attention of premature babies. The intent of this survey was to measure the consequence of IDC patterns on the growing and hospitalization continuances of premature babies in NICUs.Hypothesiss of the StudyHypothesis 1. The growing of babies in groups to which IDC is applied ( flexure and female parent ‘s aroma ) is faster compared to those in the control group. Hypothesis 2. The hospitalization continuance of babies in groups to which IDC is applied is shorter compared to those in the control group. Hypothesis 3. The growing and hospitalization continuance of babies in groups to which IDC is applied are different from each other.MethodsStudy DesignThe survey used an experimental design.SampleThe survey was conducted in Ministry of Health, Provincial Directorate of Health of Kars, Kars State Hospital, Newborn Intensive Care Unit between September 2010 and May 2012. Harmonizing to the standards of the T.R. Ministry of Health, the unit where the survey was conducted is a second-level NICU. The unit has 16 brooders and 10 unfastened beds, 8 nurses and 7 baby doctor, and 3-4 babes per nurse. Babies, who require a more advanced attention, are transferred to closest infirmaries with advanced third-level newborn intensive attention unit. Harmonizing to the records, 1163 neonates were admitted to the unit in the twelvemonth of 2010. 132 of these neonates were consisted of premature babies. The state of Kars is geographically located in a rural country in the East of Turkey. It has a distance of about 200 kilometers from a general infirmary with a third-level NICU. The population of the survey was consisted of premature babies, who received intervention and attention in the NICU between May 2011 and April 2012, and met the choice standards. 1383 neonates were brought to the unit between the specified day of the months. 162 of these babes were premature. As a consequence of the power analysis performed to put the sample size, the sample size was determined to be a sum of 83 premature babies in order for the power of the trial to be 0.90 at the significance degree of 0.05 and the medium-effect degree. The survey was conducted with 97 premature babies in three groups, which included 30, 32, and 35 babies, utilizing the method of random assignment. It is stated that there is a demand to analyze with at least 30 participants in order to make the sample size in experimental surveies ( A-zdamar 2003 ) . Inclusion standards Having a gestational age below 36 hebdomads and 6 yearss Having a weight of 1000 gms and above Having a stable wellness status within 24 hours after the birth Bing breastfed Having no inborn anomalousnesss Having an indirect hematoidin degree below 15 mg/dl Having a female parent who is unfastened to communicating and cooperationData CollectionThe informations were obtained between May 2011 and April 2012. Descriptive information signifier of the premature baby was filled out with the aid of information obtained from the files of the babies, nurse observation signifiers and their female parents. Measurements were performed by the research workers. Descriptive Information Form of the Premature Infant: This signifier, which was prepared by the research workers by reexamining the relevant literature ( TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008, Maguire et al.2009, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. 2011, Westrup et Al. 2000 ) , has 8 descriptive and open-ended inquiries related to the baby ( gestational age, gender, day of the month of birth, birth weight, tallness, caput perimeter, day of the month and hr of entree to the unit, and day of the month and hr of discharge ) . Premature Follow-Up Form: It is the signifier in which the measurings ( weight and tallness ) of babies are recorded. Material of Baby Bendy Bumper Positioning: It is a flexible place stuff, which is used in continuing the flexure place of the premature baby and for him/her to accommodate a comfy physiological place, has a metal that could be shaped harmonizing to the demand of the baby, and is covered with a froth organic structure. The baby could be placed in Bendy Bumper in a prone, supine or side-lying place. The froth organic structure has a washable and reclaimable screen. Three Bendy Bumper stuffs and, disposable external screens that are produced specifically for the stuff non to have on out or go an infection factor were used in the survey. Ookie Mom-Scent Doll: The word Ookie means â€Å" small, bantam † in Dutch linguistic communication. Ookies have been used for neonates since 1997. It is a doll with satin borders, which is made of 100 % cotton flannel, has sizes of 35cmx40cm and assorted colorss. It is easy to rinse, dry and sterilize the doll owing to its quality. Ookie does non hold any individuality like face, race, and gender. It is a convenient tool to supply the female parent ‘s aroma, which is the best aromatherapy, for babes, who get separated from their female parent at place or are required to be cared in some other environment, and the hospitalized babies. In order to convey the female parent ‘s aroma, female parent and the Ookie doll should kip together for one dark after the birth and so it should be placed near the babe. Two Ookie dolls were used for each premature baby in the survey.InterventionThe premature babies, in conformance with the choice standards of the survey, were waited for acquiring stabilised. Interviews were conducted with the households of babies, who were stabilised during the first 24 hours, and they were informed about the survey. Written permissions of these households, who accepted to take part in the survey, were obtained and their babes were included in the survey. Families were informed that the informations would be kept confidential and be used merely for this survey. Before the survey NICU nurses and female parents were informed about the survey and intercessions to be conducted. Three hours ( 0900-1200-1500 ) among the intervention and attention hours given by nurses in the NICU within the twenty-four hours were selected and measurings were performed harmonizing to this order ; babies were non touched in any other clip. The Premature Follow-Up Form was completed by the research workers and all processs were continued until the discharge of babies. While the first group that was included within the range of the survey constituted the control group, the 2nd group was the flexure group and the 3rd group was the mother-scent group. Group agreement was determined by pulling tonss. Each baby that was admitted to the unit was included in groups harmonizing to this agreement. When the Ookie doll and place stuffs were being used, the assignment continued with the following group. The intercessions, which were applied to premature babies that constituted the control group and experimental groups of the survey, are as follows. Premature Babies in the Control Group: Premature babies in this group received the everyday attention of the clinic. Routine attention includes the intervention, eating and hygiene patterns of babies and no nursing intercession was applied except for them. They were at the same time followed with those in the experimental groups until the discharge. Premature Babies in the Flexion Group: Flexion places of premature babies in this group were supported throughout the twenty-four hours. In the clinic where the pattern was performed, the babies were laid down in the prone, supine and by and large side-lying places harmonizing to the status of each baby. Their flexures were preserved with a nesting supportA without altering their ain prevarication place. Bendy bumper positioning stuff, which is placed under the pelvic girdle and pess as â€Å" U † form on the side of shoulders, was used for this place. The place of the baby was rearranged during each eating and care hr, and this process was sustained until the discharge of the baby. The positioning stuff was covered with a unfertile screen. The screen was changed as it got soiled and was about to be used for another baby. Premature Babies in the Mother-Scent Group: An Ookie doll was given to the female parent of each premature in this group and her were asked to maintain the doll on her thorax for one dark ( about eight hours ) , in such a manner to do it touched with their bare tegument. By this manner, Ookie absorbed the female parent ‘s aroma owing to its smell-absorbing nature and so was placed in the brooder near the baby the following twenty-four hours. Two Ookie dolls were used for each baby in this process ; one for the female parent and the other for the baby in the brooder Bing kept in brooders for 24 hours, Ookie dolls were changed at 0900, the first attention hr, every twenty-four hours and this process was continued until the discharge of premature babies. Dolls were labelled harmonizing to their signifier Numberss and changed with the female parent in order to forestall confusion. Ookie dolls, which were used for each dismissed premature baby, were sterilised in the sterilization unit of the infirmary ( at 121 A °C in sterilizer for 1 hr ) within disposable sterilization bags. In the specified NICUs, the premature babies are followed on unfastened beds for certain periods of clip after being taken out of the brooder and they are discharged when they no more need the support of the infirmary in term of prolonging their physiological demands. The premature babies who were involved in the survey were followed in the same manner until their discharge from the infirmary ; before being discharged, their weight, and height steps every bit good as discharge day of the months were recorded in order to find their growing provinces.Ethical ConsiderationsEqually good as a legal permission from the relevant establishment, ethical consent ( dated 31.12.2010 and numbered 2010.6.1/7 ) was received from the Ethics Committee of Ataturk University, Institute of Health Sciences in order to carry on the survey. The households of premature babies, who complied with the standards of the survey group, were informed about the intent of the survey, their inquiries were answered and written consents were received. The parents were explained that the information they gave would be kept confidential, would non be used in anywhere else and they had the right to retreat from the survey at any clip. None withdrew from the survey.Statistical AnalysisThe informations were assessed by utilizing appropriate statistical analyses in the package plan of SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Sciences ) 18.0. Percentage distributions, mean, standard divergence, and chi-square trial were used to statistically analyse the obtained informations ; one-way analysis of discrepancy for between-groups comparings, t trial for within-group comparings, and Bonferroni trial, which is an advanced station hoc analysis, for mated comparings were used.ConsequencesThe survey determined that premature babies in control group and experimental groups were similar in footings of agencies of gestational age, birth weight, birth length, birth caput perimeter, weight in hospitalization, tallness i n hospitalization and caput perimeter in hospitalization every bit good as gender ( p & gt ; 0.05, Table 1 ) . It was specified that the difference between experimental groups and control group in footings of agencies of discharge weight was important, and this difference was associated with the mother-scent group. While a important difference was observed between the hospitalization and discharge weight means in the mother-scent group ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) , the difference between the flexure group and control group was undistinguished ( p & gt ; 0.05, Table 2 ) . The difference between experimental groups and control group in footings of agencies of discharge tallness was important ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) , and this difference was caused by the mother-scent group. Besides the difference between the hospitalization and discharge tallness agencies was important within each of all three groups ( P & lt ; 0.05, Table 2 ) . The difference between experimental groups and control group in footings of agencies of hospitalization continuance was undistinguished ; nevertheless, the hospitalization continuance of experimental groups was shorter ( P & gt ; 0.05, Table 3 ) .DiscussionNICU scene is an environment that lacks parent contact and stimulation for a premature baby when he/she is non developmentally ready, and a topographic point where the baby is exposed to stressors such as disease, noise, visible radiation, repeated painful processs and medicines, and inordinate stimulations ( Erdeve et al. 2008 ) . It is known that conditions in this environment, which provides a long-run intervention and attention and animal injury adversely affect development of the nervous system of the babe ( Erdeve et al. 2008, KarataAY 2011 ) . The aim of IDC is to set up the stimulations ( sound, visible radiation, odor, contact of the health professional, conversation, societal interaction ) in the environment where attenti on is given during this critical and long procedure as similar to the intrauterine environment and implement the attention in such a manner to back up the development of the newborn ( Symigton & A ; Pinelli 2006, KarataAY 2011, Legendre et Al. 2011 ) . The survey assessed the consequence of female parent ‘s aroma and flexure place on the growing and hospitalization continuance of premature babies. Environmental and societal stimulations in the NICU environment cause the babe to devour greater energy. However, energy is required for the growth-development of these babes and their attempts of version to the external universe. The attack of developmental attention purposes to utilize the energy at minimal degree and shop it to be used for the growth-development every bit much as possible ( YA ±ldA ±rA ±m 2001, TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008, KarataAY 2011, Als 1998 ) . It was reported that babies who received IDC gained greater weight compared to other babies ( Brown & A ; Heermann 1997, TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008, Symigton & A ; Pinelli 2006, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. 2011, Als 1998, Als et al.1996, Ballweg 2001, Chen et al. 2000 ) . It was determined in the survey that there was a important difference between the groups in footings of discharge weight agencies of babes and this difference was associated with the mother-scent group. Upon within-group comparing of hospitalization and discharge weight agencies of experimental and control groups, there was a important difference in the mother-scent group ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) , and an undistinguished difference between the flexure and control groups ( P & gt ; 0.05 ) . This consequence was partly supported by the hypothesis, â€Å" The growing of babies in groups to which IDC is applied ( flexure and female parent ‘s aroma ) is faster compared to those in the control group † . In their survey which assessed the efficiency of the odor of chest milk during the forced feeding eating in prematures, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. ( 2011 ) reported a important addition on discharge weights of babes, to whom the odor stimulation was applied. In their survey which compared the traditional and developmental attention methods practiced during the passage to bottle-feeding in premature babies, TarA ± and CiAYdem ( 2008 ) determined that the weight addition was greater in babies, to whom IDC was practiced. In their sur vey, Brown and Heermann ( 1997 ) applied IDC to 25 premature babies under 1500 gms, and reported that the discharge weights, and difference between hospitalization-discharge weight of babies were important, which is line with the findings of this survey. In the surveies conducted by Als et Al. ( 1994 ) and Chen et Al. ( 2000 ) , they examined the IDC pattern on premature babes in the NICU and as a consequence of their surveies ; they determined an addition in the day-to-day organic structure weight. Consequences of the survey support the consequences of these surveies. It was determined that the difference between the groups in footings of agencies of discharge tallness of premature babies was statistically important ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) and this difference was related with the mother-scent group. As a consequence of the within-group comparings, the difference between their agencies of hospitalization and discharge tallness was statistically important within each of all three groups ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Findingss obtained in footings of the growing parametric quantities are complicated in surveies on the efficiency of IDC in NICUs in literature. In a randomized-controlled survey conducted by Als et Al. ( 2003 ) , it was reported that the premature babes in the experimental group had a faster day-to-day weight addition and growing. In the randomized-controlled survey of Westrub et Al. ( 2000 ) , IDC was non effectual on growing. In their survey which compared the criterion attention and IDC methods on 164 premature babes who were younger than the gestat ional hebdomad 32, Magiure et Al. ( 2009 ) reported that there was non a important difference between experimental and control groups, in footings of weight, tallness and caput perimeter. The consequences of the survey are in parallel with the consequences of the survey conducted by Als et Al. ( 2003 ) . Premature babes could be hospitalized for a long clip, due to grounds such as the badness of their diseases, malformations or earlier gestational age. Extended hospitalization might do nosocomial infections, extension of the recovery period, negative psychosocial effects associated with the long-run separation from the household and high medical costs ( YA ±ldA ±z 2002, Legendre et Al. 2011 ) Some surveies reported that individualized developmental attention patterns decrease the hospitalization continuance ( Brown & A ; Heermann 1997, TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008, Symigton & A ; Pinelli 2006, Als et al 1994, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. 2011, Westrup et Al. 2000, Chen et al. 2000, Als et Al. 2003 ) . The survey revealed that the mother-scent group had the shortest hospitalization continuance, which was followed by the flexure group, and the control group had the longest hospitalization continuance ; the difference between the groups was undistinguished ( p & gt ; 0.05 ) . Compared to th e control group, the hospitalization continuance was 3 yearss shorter in the mother-scent group and 2 yearss shorter in the flexure group. This consequence was supported by the hypotheses, â€Å" The hospitalization continuance of babies in groups to which IDC is applied is shorter compared to those in the control group † and â€Å" growing and hospitalization continuance of babies in groups to which IDC is applied is different from each other † . In their survey which assessed the efficiency of the odor of chest milk during the forced feeding eating in premature babes, YA ±ldA ±z et Al. ( 2011 ) determined that babes in the experimental group were discharged from the infirmary earlier. In their survey, TarA ± and CiAYdem ( 2008 ) compared the traditional and developmental attention methods applied during the passage to bottle-feeding in premature babes, and determined that babes to whom IDC was executed were discharged from the infirmary earlier. In the survey conducted by Als et Al. ( 1994 ) they examined the consequence of IDC pattern on premature babes in the NICU and specified that premature babes in the experimental group were hospitalized for a shorter period and there was a lessening in the attention cost. In add-on to these surveies ( TarA ± & A ; CiAYdem 2008, 1994, Als et al. , YA ±ldA ±z et al 2011 ) , other surveies ( Brown & A ; Heermann 1997, Chen et al. 2000, Als et Al. 2003, Wielenga et Al. 2007 ) besides determined that IDC patterns shortened the hospitalization continuance of premature babes. Study consequences show a similarity with these consequences.DecisionSince the intercessions of female parent ‘s aroma and flexure place support the growing and shorten the hospitalization continuance, they could be used routinely in premature babes with a stable status. Parents could be trained for the saving of the flexure place at place, following the discharge. It is required to measure the intercessions of female parent ‘s aroma and flexure place in premature babes with non-stable conditions, non suckling, full-term babes and those with anomalousnesss, and besides analyze the efficiency of different IDC patterns.Relevance to clinical patternNICU nurses might put the premature infants down in the flexure place and do them feel their female parent ‘s aroma in order to speed up their growing and shorten their hospitalization continuance.

Brain Drain Essay

When highly qualified experts like scientists, engineers, doctors and oft trained persons migrate from under-developed countries and settle down: advanced countries, their migration is called â€Å"Brain Drain†. This problem is not peculiar to India alone. It is being faced by almost all the developing country of the world. Brain drain results in direct loss to the underdeveloped and poor countries who train these experts at a great cost. When these experts migrate to advance countries, such countries stand to gain because they get the services of the experts without having had to spend anything on their training. There are a number of factors responsible for brain drain in India. First of all, India lacks job opportunities. When, after completing higher studies, people do not get any employment in India, they start looking forward to advance countries for jobs. India lacks facilities for advanced research. Most of the students who go abroad for higher research do not return t o India. They are offered lucrative jobs so that they may stay on in advanced countries and give these countries the benefit of their research. India is endowed with vast natural resources like oil, gas, coal, iron ore, gypsum, diamonds, uranium etc. There is no doubt that if these natural resources are exploited in full, India can become one of the developed countries of the world. The Indian experts, whom we lose every year, can stay on in India and help in the development and exploitation of natural resources. Even those experts who have already settled in foreign countries could be lured back to India so that they can help India to become a great power in the world. This problem cannot be solved without the co-operation of the people. The parents of the students should discourage their sons and daughters from going abroad even if they are offered lucrative jobs. Our political leaders should be serious about this problem, and they should set a personal example by preventing their children from going abroad and settling there. All the doctors, scientists and engineers should realise that they owe some duty to their country. Our country spends lakhs of rupees on their training. They should have a feeling of gratitude to their country. Our Government has also been inviting, from time to time, the scientists, engineers, technicians, academicians and even non-resident Indian businessmen, settled abroad, to return to India and help  in the fast industrialization and development of their motherland. They have also been offered a lot of incentives to set up their own industries in India.

The eNotes Blog 4 Texts That Prove Comedy is Important inLiterature

4 Texts That Prove Comedy is Important inLiterature The ancient Greeks were the first to distinguish between â€Å"tragedies† and â€Å"comedies†- a distinction we keep to this day. They also deemed tragedy the â€Å"higher† form of storytelling, because it can impart moral messages and deliver much-needed catharsis, the release of repressed emotions. This idea that dramatic storytelling is a â€Å"superior† art form has prevailed throughout history and is still predominant among critics today. Just look at the gravitas afforded to â€Å"serious† actors versus their â€Å"comic† counterparts. When was the last time a comedy won Best Picture? Despite this, a lot of evidence suggests that the quickest way to our heads and hearts is through our funny-bone. Comedy uses humor to connect readers or audiences with their humanity. Far from cheapening great stories, comedy is in some ways more honest than stories that rely on drama and drama alone. By allowing ourselves a sly chuckle or a deep belly-laugh, we are confronted with the wonderful, hilarious absurdity of what it means to be human. Want to see what I mean? Let’s look at some of the best literary comedies ever printed. 1. Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) Author: Jerome K. Jerome Read time: 2 hours 6 minutes Genre: Novel Similar to: My Man Jeeves by P.G. Wodehouse â€Å"What the eye does not see, the stomach does not get upset over.† This 1889 novel is a humorous retelling of a two-week boating holiday on the Thames. Its characters include Jerome (based on Jerome K. Jerome himself) his two friends, George Wingrave and Carl Hentschel, and Jerome’s dog, a fox terrier named Montmorency. While the novel was first intended as a serious travel guide, the hilarious anecdotes and witty banter shared between the three men steal the show. Despite being published over 120 years ago, Three Men in a Boat is far from dated and continues to be a   source of relevant and delightful humor for modern readers. 2. The Canterville Ghost Author: Oscar Wilde Read time: 42 minutes Genre: Novella Similar to: Other comedies by Oscar Wilde- try The Importance of Being Earnest â€Å"We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, language.† In this novella, Wilde mixes the Gothic supernatural with his signature razor-sharp wit to create a narrative as funny as it is absurd. The story follows a quintessentially â€Å"modern American† family as they discover their new house is haunted by the ghost of Sir Simon de Canterville. The Otis family is surprisingly unfazed by their houseguest: the adults take a pragmatic approach to rid themselves of the ghost, while the children amuse themselves by playing practical jokes. Sir Simon is thus transformed from the frightening apparition of traditional Gothics into a laughable, absurd figure, made pathetic by his continued, fruitless attempts to frighten the Otis family. The novella provides commentary on the interplay between â€Å"Old World† England and â€Å"New World† America and a hilarious subversion of typical supernatural tropes. 3. Twelfth Night; or What You Will Author: William Shakespeare Read time: 5 hours 37 minutes Genre: Play Similar to: Try Shakespeare’s other comedies Much Ado About Nothing, Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. â€Å"Better a witty fool, than a foolish wit.† While A Midsummer Night’s Dream may be Shakespeare’s most well-known comedy, I’d wager that Twelfth Night is the funniest. It follows the story of Viola and Sebastian, identical twins of different sexes,who were separated by a shipwreck. Predictably hilarious hijinks ensue, including a disguise, a love triangle, and many mix-ups. If you are searching for a break from Shakespeare’s bleak, corpse-ridden tragedies, then Twelfth Night’s narrative, complete with raunchy absurdity and trademark punning, may indeed be the play for you. 4. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Author: Mark Twain Read time: 44 minutes Genre: Short Story Similar to: Other Mark Twain works, like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. †To me, the spectacle of a man drifting serenely along through such a queer yarn without ever smiling, was exquisitely absurd.† Have you ever been stuck in a long, boring conversation? Ever been on the receiving-end of a rambling story, waiting desperately for the conclusion? This is the premise of â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,† the short story that launched Mark Twain’s prolific writing career. In the story, the narrator becomes the reluctant audience for a rambling, long-winded tale involving two men, a bet, and a couple of jumping frogs. If you are seeking a quick read and a light-hearted chuckle, then this is the story for you.

The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt

The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt The Ionian revolt (c. 499-c.493) led to the Persian Wars, which includes the famous battle depicted in the movie 300, the Battle of Thermopylae, and the battle that lent its name to a long race, the Battle of Marathon. The Ionian Revolt itself did not occur in a vacuum but was preceded by other tensions, notably trouble in Naxos. Possible reasons for the revolt of the Ionian Greeks [based on Manville: Anti-tyrant feeling.Having to pay tribute to the Persian king.The kings failure to understand the Greeks need for freedom.As response to an economic crisis in Asia Minor.Aristagoras hope to get out of his difficulties with Artaphrenes that were caused by the ill-fated Naxos Expedition.Histiaios hope to get out of his benign captivity at Susa. Characters in the Naxos Expedition The principal names to know in connection with this Herodotus-based introduction to the Ionian Revolt are those involved in the Naxos Expedition: Histiaios (Histiaeus), son of Lysagoras and the tyrant of Miletus (c.515–493 B.C.).Aristagoras (c.505–496 B.C.), son of Molpagoras, ambitious son-in-law, and deputy of Histaios.Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia, in western Asia Minor.Darius (r. c.521-486 B.C.), the Great King of Persia and half-brother of Artaphernes.Megabates, a cousin of Darius and Persian naval commander. Aristagoras of Miletus and the Naxos Expedition Naxos- the prosperous Cyclades island where the legendary Theseus abandoned Ariadne- was not yet under Persian control. The Naxians had driven out certain rich men, who had fled to Miletus but wished to go home. They asked Aristagoras for help. Aristagoras was the deputy tyrant of Miletus, the son-in-law of the proper tyrant, Histiaios, who had been rewarded Myrkinos for loyalty at the Danube Bridge in the Persian Great King Darius fight against the Scythians. He was  then asked by the king to come to Sardis, where he was brought to Susa by Darius. Megabates betrays Artaphernes Aristagoras agreed to aid the exiles, and asked the satrap of western Asia, Artaphernes, for help. Artaphernes- with permission from Darius- gave Aristagoras a fleet of 200 ships under the command of a Persian named Megabates. Aristagoras and the Naxian exiles set sail with Megabates et al. They pretended to head to the Hellespont. At Chios, they stopped and waited for a favorable wind. Meanwhile, Megabates toured his ships. Finding one neglected, he ordered the commander punished. Aristagoras not only released the commander but reminded Megabates that Megabates was only second-in-command. As a result of this insult, Megabates betrayed the operation by informing the Naxians in advance of their arrival. This gave them time to prepare, so they were able to survive the Milesian-Persian fleet arrival and four-month siege. In the end, the defeated Persian-Milesians left, with the exiled Naxians installed in forts built around Naxos. Herodotus says Aristagoras feared Persian reprisal as a consequence of the defeat. Histiaios sent a slave- Aristagoras- with a secret message about the revolt hidden as a brand on his scalp. The revolt was Aristagoras next step. Aristagoras persuaded those he joined in a council that they should revolt. One hold-out was the logographer Hecataeus who thought the Persians too powerful. When Hecataeus couldnt persuade the council, he objected to the army-based plan, urging, instead, a naval approach. The Ionian Revolt With Aristagoras as leader of their revolutionary movement after his failed expedition against Naxos, Ionian cities deposed their pro-Persian Greek puppet tyrants, replacing them with a democratic government, and prepared for further revolt against the Persians. Since they required military help Aristagoras went across the Aegean to mainland Greece to ask for help. Aristagoras unsuccessfully petitioned Sparta for its army, but Athens and Eretria provided more appropriate naval support for the Ionian islands- as the logographer/historian Hecataeus had urged. Together the Greeks from Ionia and the mainland pillaged and burned most of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, but Artaphrenes successfully defended the citys citadel. Retreating to Ephesus, the Greek forces were beaten by the Persians. Byzantium, Caria, Caunus, and most of Cyprus joined in the Ionian revolt. Although the Greek forces were occasionally successful, as at Caria, the Persians were winning. Aristagoras left Miletus in the hands of Pythagoras and went to Myrkinos where he was killed by Thracians. Persuading Darius to let him leave by telling the Persian king that he would pacify Ionia, Histiaios left Susa, went to Sardis, and tried unsuccessfully to re-enter Miletus. A major sea battle at Lade resulted in the victory of the Persians and defeat of the Ionians. Miletus fell. Histiaios was captured and executed by Artaphrenes who may have been jealous of Histiaios close relationship with Darius. Sources Herodotus Book VHerodotus Book VIAristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt, by P. B. Manville; The Classical Quarterly, (1977), pp. 80-91.The Attack on Naxos: A Forgotten Cause of the Ionian Revolt, by Arthur Keaveney; The Classical Quarterly, (1988), pp. 76-81.Jona Lendering: Beginning of the Ionian Revolt; affairs in Greece (5.28-55)

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21

Psychology - Essay Example The potential of machines were thought to be able to eventually encompass â€Å"an inductive and creative mind, capable of taking initiative, to which human beings could confide all their problems and obtain instant solutions in return† (Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misconception in the early days of the computer has carried over even to today. This discussion examines the functions of the human brain in addition to the meaning of knowledge and the limitations of machines as compared to the human mind. Mechanical computers, unlike the functions of the computer-like brain do not have the capability to determine right from wrong nor can they make judgments, have no feelings and cannot think on their own. Computers cannot reason, imagine, invent, create, express thoughts, manage ideas, make judgments or possess the ability to adapt to differing situations and therefore cannot solve problems that are new to them. Unlike the human brain, computers aren’t conscious of their own being, have no concept of the world around them and cannot execute voluntary activities (Ifrah, 1997: 1616). Because machines are only able to follow directives, they do not possess the capability to be self-aware. If it is accepted that computers do not and will never become aware of their own being, then it is reasonable to ask what enables the human’s biological machine to attain consciousness while the silicon-based computerized ‘brain’ cannot. Possibly, the answer to this question is the fact that the structure of the human brain is self-organizing. It responds to the individual characteristics and the independent nature of interactions between itself and the particular environment. However other natural, biological systems such as many types of simple ‘animals’ and all plant life encompass a multifaceted, self-organizing interrelationship within its inner mechanism yet are also not aware of themselves. This indicates that though